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  • Developments on Frequency D...
    Vaccaro, D.; Akamatsu, H.; Gottardi, L.; de Wit, M.; Bruijn, M. P.; van der Kuur, J.; Nagayoshi, K.; Taralli, E.; Ravensberg, K.; Gao, J.-R.; den Herder, J. W. A.

    Journal of low temperature physics, 2024/7, Volume: 216, Issue: 1-2
    Journal Article

    At SRON, we have been developing X-ray TES micro-calorimeters as backup technology for the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) of the Athena mission, demonstrating excellent resolving powers both under DC and AC bias. We also developed a frequency-domain multiplexing (FDM) readout technology, where each TES is coupled to a superconducting band-pass LC resonator and AC biased at MHz frequencies through a common readout line. The TES signals are summed at the input of a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), which performs a first amplification at cryogenic stage. Custom analog front-end electronics and digital boards take care of further amplifying the signals at room temperature and of the modulation/demodulation of the TES signals and bias carrier, respectively. We report on the most recent developments on our FDM technology, which involves a two-channel demonstration with a total of 70 pixels with a summed energy resolution of 2.34 ± 0.02 eV at 5.9 keV without spectral performance degradation with respect to single-channel operation. Moreover, we discuss prospects towards the scaling-up to a larger multiplexing factor up to 78 pixels per channel in a 1–6 MHz readout bandwidth.