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Wheatley, Adam K; Juno, Jennifer A; Wang, Jing J; Selva, Kevin J; Reynaldi, Arnold; Tan, Hyon-Xhi; Lee, Wen Shi; Wragg, Kathleen M; Kelly, Hannah G; Esterbauer, Robyn; Davis, Samantha K; Kent, Helen E; Mordant, Francesca L; Schlub, Timothy E; Gordon, David L; Khoury, David S; Subbarao, Kanta; Cromer, Deborah; Gordon, Tom P; Chung, Amy W; Davenport, Miles P; Kent, Stephen J
Nature communications, 02/2021, Volume: 12, Issue: 1Journal Article
The durability of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 immunity has major implications for reinfection and vaccine development. Here, we show a comprehensive profile of antibody, B cell and T cell dynamics over time in a cohort of patients who have recovered from mild-moderate COVID-19. Binding and neutralising antibody responses, together with individual serum clonotypes, decay over the first 4 months post-infection. A similar decline in Spike-specific CD4 and circulating T follicular helper frequencies occurs. By contrast, S-specific IgG memory B cells consistently accumulate over time, eventually comprising a substantial fraction of circulating the memory B cell pool. Modelling of the concomitant immune kinetics predicts maintenance of serological neutralising activity above a titre of 1:40 in 50% of convalescent participants to 74 days, although there is probably additive protection from B cell and T cell immunity. This study indicates that SARS-CoV-2 immunity after infection might be transiently protective at a population level. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines might require greater immunogenicity and durability than natural infection to drive long-term protection.
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