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Tue, Nguyen Minh; Takahashi, Shin; Suzuki, Go; Isobe, Tomohiko; Viet, Pham Hung; Kobara, Yuso; Seike, Nobuyasu; Zhang, Gan; Sudaryanto, Agus; Tanabe, Shinsuke
Environment international, January 2013, 2013, 2013-Jan, 2013-01-00, 20130101, 2013-01-01, Volume: 51Journal Article
This study investigated the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and several additive brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor dust and air from two Vietnamese informal e-waste recycling sites (EWRSs) and an urban site in order to assess the relevance of these media for human exposure. The levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in settled house dust from the EWRSs (130–12,000, 5.4–400, 5.2–620 and 31–1400ngg−1, respectively) were significantly higher than in urban house dust but the levels of PCBs (4.8–320ngg−1) were not higher. The levels of PCBs and PBDEs in air at e-waste recycling houses (1000–1800 and 620–720pgm−3, respectively), determined using passive sampling, were also higher compared with non-e-waste houses. The composition of BFRs in EWRS samples suggests the influence from high-temperature processes and occurrence of waste materials containing older BFR formulations. Results of daily intake estimation for e-waste recycling workers are in good agreement with the accumulation patterns previously observed in human milk and indicate that dust ingestion contributes a large portion of the PBDE intake (60%–88%), and air inhalation to the low-chlorinated PCB intake (>80% for triCBs) due to their high levels in dust and air, respectively. Further investigation of both indoor dust and air as the exposure media for other e-waste recycling-related contaminants and assessment of health risk associated with exposure to these contaminant mixtures is necessary. ► Indoor environment in EWRSs was investigated in views of BFR and PCB contamination. ► High levels of BFRs in settled dust and tri–tetraCBs in air were observed. ► The profiles of BFRs reflect the abundance of old electronics and thermal processing. ► Dust was the dominant human exposure source of PBDEs in EWRSs, unlike in other sites. ► High intake of tri–tetraCBs from inhalation was consistent with their levels in human milk.
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