•Clinical presentations differed between immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients.•Mycobacterium avium and M. xenopi were the most common species in the immunosuppressed group.•The duration of antibiotherapy was not affected by immune status.•Most patients recovered completely after treatment, irrespective of immune status.•Mortality was higher in the immunosuppressed group. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) bone and joint infections (BJIs) are uncommon. We evaluated the characteristics of BJIs and identified differences according to immune status. We performed a multicenter retrospective study in France involving patients with documented NTM BJI over a 9-year period. We collected the clinical and microbiological characteristics, management, and clinical outcomes of the patients. Overall, 95 patients were included, of whom 50.5% (48/95) were immunosuppressed. Tenosynovitis was more frequent in the immunocompetent group, and native arthritis more common in the immunosuppressed group. Mycobacerium marinum and M. abscessus complex were significantly more frequent in the immunocompetent group, and M. avium and M. xenopi were significantly more frequent in the immunosuppressed group. The combination of antibiotherapy with surgery tended to be more frequent in the immunocompetent than the immunosuppressed group (63.8% (30/47) vs 47.8% (22/46), respectively); of the latter, 45.7% (21/46) received antimicrobial therapy alone, a higher frequency than in the immunocompetent group (23.4%, 11/47). The median duration of antimicrobial treatment was similar in the two groups (11 months). Mortality was significantly higher in the immunosuppressed group. Although the clinical presentations and the NTM species involved in BJI differed according to immune status, most recovered completely after treatment.