The distribution of the high concentrations of arsenic (As) and fluoride (F-) in groundwater on a Pan-European scale could be explained by the geological European context (lithology and structural ...faults). To test this hypothesis, seventeen countries and eighteen geological survey organizations (GSOs) have participated in the dataset. The methodology has used the HydroGeoToxicity (HGT) and the Baseline Concentration (BLC) index. The results prove that most of the waters considered in this study are in good conditions for drinking water consumption, in terms of As and/or F- content. A low proportion of the analysed samples present HGT≥ 1 levels (4% and 7% for As and F-, respectively). The spatial distribution of the highest As and/or F- concentrations (via BLC values) has been analysed using GIS tools. The highest values are identified associated with fissured hard rock outcrops (crystalline rocks) or Cenozoic sedimentary zones, where basement fractures seems to have an obvious control on the distribution of maximum concentrations of these elements in groundwaters.
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•Geological context is crucial in the spatial analysis of arsenic and fluoride.•HydroGeoToxicity (HGT) assesses quality of groundwater as drinking-water.•BaseLine Concentration (BLC) give the most significant geogenic anomalies.•Structural control is relevant in the distribution of arsenic in porous aquifers.•Lithology is pivotal in fluoride distribution (e.g. fissured hard rocks).
•The fluid is superheated steam whose pH after condensation is about 3.•Its origin is local, the gas content is low and the gas is apparently not directly emitted from the magma.•The chemistry of the ...superheated steam does not present problems that would preclude its use for power production.
The Leirbotnar field, where IDDP-01 is situated consists of an upper liquid dominated zone to 1000–1400m depth, 190–220°C, sulphate major anion, and a lower two phase zone, 300°C chloride main anion. The IDDP-01 fluid is dry steam, local origin, pH 3. The major anion is chloride (20–166mg/kg), probably of magmatic origin. The major metallic cations, Fe (5–100mg/kg), Cr (0–6mg/kg), Ni (0–5mg/kg) and Mn (0.1–0.8mg/kg) seem to be derived from the well casing and sampling equipment. The gas content is low (about 0.1%) and the gas is apparently not directly emitted from magma.
Persistent symptoms are common after SARS-CoV-2 infection but correlation with objective measures is unclear.
We invited all 3098 adults who tested SARS-CoV-2 positive in Iceland before October 2020 ...to the deCODE Health Study. We compared multiple symptoms and physical measures between 1706 Icelanders with confirmed prior infection (cases) who participated, and 619 contemporary and 13,779 historical controls. Cases participated in the study 5-18 months after infection.
Here we report that 41 of 88 symptoms are associated with prior infection, most significantly disturbed smell and taste, memory disturbance, and dyspnea. Measured objectively, cases had poorer smell and taste results, less grip strength, and poorer memory recall. Differences in grip strength and memory recall were small. No other objective measure associated with prior infection including heart rate, blood pressure, postural orthostatic tachycardia, oxygen saturation, exercise tolerance, hearing, and traditional inflammatory, cardiac, liver, and kidney blood biomarkers. There was no evidence of more anxiety or depression among cases. We estimate the prevalence of long Covid to be 7% at a median of 8 months after infection.
We confirm that diverse symptoms are common months after SARS-CoV-2 infection but find few differences between cases and controls in objective parameters measured. These discrepancies between symptoms and physical measures suggest a more complicated contribution to symptoms related to prior infection than is captured with conventional tests. Traditional clinical assessment is not expected to be particularly informative in relating symptoms to a past SARS-CoV-2 infection.
