Država lahko z raznimi spodbudami povečuje vključenost odraslih (vseh odraslih ali izbranih ciljnih skupin) v izobra- ževanje. Spodbujanje vključenosti odraslih v izobraževanje omenjajo tudi domači ...in mednarodni strateški dokumenti. Prenovljeni strateški okvir na področju izobraževanja in usposabljanja postavlja v ospredje povečanje vključenosti niz- ko izobraženih v izobraževanje. V Sloveniji je vključenost odraslih v izobraževanje na razmeroma visoki stopnji, vendar pa so v vključenosti velike razlike glede na starost in izobrazbo udeležencev. V izbranih državah EU (Finska, Švedska, Združeno kraljestvo, Nizozemska, Avstrija in Belgija) so odraslim na voljo različne oblike materialnih spodbud za izobraževanje (brezplačno izobraževanje, štipendije, denarni dodatki, posojilo za izobraževanje, davčne olajšave, indi- vidualni izobraževalni računi, vavčerji, čeki za izobraževanje). Avstrija, Finska in Belgija imajo tudi podrobno urejen izobraževalni dopust. V Sloveniji bi bilo treba krepiti materialne spodbude odraslim za izobraževanje, nekatere od njih pa preoblikovati. Sprejeti bi bilo treba tudi novo resolucijo o nacionalnem programu izobraževanja odraslih.
Avtorica v prispevku prikazuje stanje in značilnosti neformalnega izobraževanja odraslih v Sloveniji v mednarodni primerjavi z EU-27. Analiza je narejena za leto 2007 na podlagi podatkov Ankete o ...izobraževanju odraslih, ki je prva taka anketa na ravni EU. Nacionalni in mednarodni dokumenti poudarjajo predvsem pomen izobraževanja odraslih z vidika gospodarske- ga razvoja in socialne vključenosti. Podatki kažejo, da vključenost odraslih, starih 25 do 64 let, v neformalno izobraževanje presega povprečje EU-27, vendar pa se v vključenosti kažejo velike razlike glede na starost, doseženo izobrazbo, status ak- tivnosti in poklic. Podobno se kažejo tudi razlike v povprečnem trajanju izobraževanja na udeleženca. Večina izobraževanja je povezana s potrebami dela, a je delež manjši od povprečja EU-27. Najpogostejši razlog za izobraževanje je razvoj kariere ali izboljšanje kariernih možnosti, drugi razlogi so veliko manj pomembni. V strukturi udeležencev neformalnega izobraže- vanja po področjih izobraževanja največji delež odpade na družbene vede, poslovne vede in pravo, Slovenija od povprečja EU-27 najbolj odstopa po večjem deležu udeležencev učenja tujih jezikov. V Sloveniji bi veljalo spodbuditi večjo vključenost odraslih v izobraževanje, predvsem tistih skupin, ki se redkeje vključujejo v izobraževanje. Ker je pogosta ovira v izobraže- vanju odraslih krajevna nedostopnost izobraževanja, bi bilo treba spodbujati enakomernejšo razporeditev organizacij, ki izvajajo neformalno izobraževanje. Spodbujati bi bilo treba tudi pogostejšo rabo interneta, ki je pomemben vir informacij o izobraževalnih možnostih, predvsem pri nizko izobraženih in starejših.
Motives for participation in continuing education are varied, while its effects depend on the use of knowledge obtained. The number of education programs and participants in continuing education ...increased in the period from 2001/2002-2005/2006. Data on the number of education programs provide information about the education possibilities of the population. With the rising number of language course participants, the share of participants in French courses is particularly on the increase. Knowledge of foreign languages is essential for the successful performance of employees in contact with foreigners and for the integration of individuals in international mobility flows due to education or work.
Science and technology graduates are a key factor of innovation in knowledge-based societies. The Resolution on the National Programme of Higher Education 2007-2010 sets out several goals: increasing ...the expenditure on higher education and research as a share of GDP, increasing the number of higher education institutions, promoting the internationalization of higher education, and so on. It also mentions the need to encourage enrolment in science and technology programs. More favorable trends were observed in the number of science and technology students. It might be worthwhile to also promote greater enrolment of women in science and technology programs in Slovenia. In Slovenia some science and technology programs should increase enrolment, while others should increase the number of available places. In 2000-2005, Slovenia's lag in the number of science and technology graduates per 100,000 employees aged 25-34 increased.
The participation of youth in secondary education is increasing. This rise was partly due to the changed structure of youth enrolled in secondary schools by type of program. The number of youth in ...vocational and professional schools is decreasing whereas the number of those in technical and professional schools remains approximately the same. The policy of encouraging young people to study at university resulted in an increase in the share of youth enrolled in grammar schools between 2000-2001 and 2006-2007 and consequently in the share of graduates from these programs, which impacted on the size of the potential population for enrolment in universities.
The main purpose of vocational and technical secondary education is to equip young people with the knowledge and skills they will need at work. The structure of young graduates from secondary schools ...by field of study changed somewhat from 2000-2001 till 2005-2006. The structure of youth enrolled in secondary schools is also changing. The number of graduates from secondary schools of economics is declining. The number of secondary school graduates in electrotechnics and computer science, and in metallurgy and mechanical engineering has declined. The number of young people who finished secondary schools in the field of textiles has decreased. Enrolment should be raised in the fields of catering and tourism, and construction.
The aim of this research was to determine the possible differences in degrees of depression, somatization and anxiety between the acute and chronic female patients with temporomandibular disorders ...(TMD), and whether these differences exist in healthy female patients. Ninety female patients were involved in this research; 60 of them were TMD patients of the Dental Polyclinic, while other 30 females came for a routine recall visit and had no problem related to TMD. Patients were aged 22 to 67 years, the average age being 38.5 +/- 12 years. All patients were asked to fill in the RDC/TMD protocol and three psychological tests (Emotions Profile Index, Somatization Scale and life Events Scale). Following the analysis of the RDC/TMD protocol and psychological tests, it was determined that the chronic female patients had higher depression and somatization scores in comparison with the acute patients (p < 0.01); the acute patients self-perceive higher levels of anxiety in relation to the control group; furthermore, the patients reporting higher levels of depression were more inclined to somatization and had experienced a greater number of stress events in the past six months. It is beyond doubt that patients suffering from the TMD's exhibit higher levels of depression, somatization and anxiety compared to the healthy ones, which proves that physiological factors may play a predisposing role in combination with reduced level of body tolerance to pain, and a decreased tolerance to stress.
The aim of this research was to determine the possible differences in degrees of depression, somatization and anxiety between the acute and chronic female patients with temporomandibular disorders ...(TMD), and whether these differences exist in healthy female patients. Ninety female patients were involved in this research; 60 of them were TMD patients of the Dental Polyclinic, while other 30 females came for a rutine recall visit and had no problem related to TMD. Patients were aged 22 to 67 years, the average age being 38.5±12 years. All patients were asked to fill in the RDC/TMD protocol and three psychological tests (Emotions Profile Index, Somatization Scale and life Events Scale). Following the analysis of the RDC/TMD protocol and psychological tests, it was determined that the chronic female patients had higher depression and somatization scores in comparison with the acute patients (p<0.01); the acute patients self-perceive higher levels of anxiety in relation to the control group; furthermore, the patients reporting higher levels of depression were more inclined to somatization and had experienced a greater number of stress events in the past six months. It is beyond doubt that patients suffering from the TMD’s exhibit higher levels of depression, somatization and anxiety compared to the healthy ones, which proves that physiological factors may play a predisposing role in combination with reduced level of body tolerance to pain, and a decreased tolerance to stress.
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