Craiglow and King determined squamous cell carcinoma on the scalp under a toupee by chance while examining the 86-year-old male patient for a lesion on her nose.
The annual current energy potential of a sea strait, Bosphorus in Turkey, is evaluated by the calibrated and validated three dimensional numerical model results. The numerical approach is based on a ...number of unstructured flexible meshes (triangle or quadrilateral elements) and uses a cell-centered finite volume solution technique. Three-dimensional incompressible Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved invoking the assumptions of Boussinesq and hydrostatic pressure. The turbulence closure was implemented by using Smagorinsky and k-ε models in the horizontal and vertical domains, respectively. Water level and density differences acting on the model open boundaries combined with the meteorological structure of the region (wind speed, direction and atmospheric pressure difference) are the main forcing mechanisms of the numerical model as inputs. The strait flow is a typical example of a stratified flow among the world's straits, with a possible exception of having a negligible tidal oscillation. The results show that the complex geometry (both horizontally and vertically) of the strait combined with highly variable hydrological and meteorological conditions of the adjacent seas, the Marmara Sea and Black Sea, result in a considerable fluctuation in the kinetic energy potential. Cross-sectional variability of the kinetic energy is also notable both horizontally and vertically with increasing energy upwards and towards the shore. In spatial domain, although it is not the narrowest part of the strait, the highest kinetic energies are calculated at the southernmost part of the strait due to both a decrease in cross-sectional area and the presence of a sill on the bottom, a geometrical feature likely seen in straits that mainly control the flow structure (e.g., flow velocities). For a given cross section taken from a meandering part of the strait, the kinetic energy of the strait is higher at the outer and inner banks of the strait for the upper and lower layer flows, respectively. In time scale, the most energetic time period spans from the late spring to the end of summer related to the increase in water level difference between both ends of the strait due to long-term effects that represent seasonal variations (mainly the river inflows toward the Black Sea) and short-term effects (southward storms in the same direction with the upper layer flow). In winter, however, due to the southerly storms acting opposite to the surface layer flow, the kinetic energy potential of the strait drops to considerably low values occasionally.
•Current power potential of a strait is evaluated with a 3D numerical flow model.•Most energetic period is the period when barotropic forcing increases continuously.•The highest energy potential occurs around regions where a sill is located.•The outer bank of the meandering is more energetic than the inner bank.•The depths close to surface have more energetic but less stable current pattern.
The main objective of the present study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of wind characteristics over the eastern Mediterranean Sea using three widely used wind fields, namely ECMWF ...ERA-Interim, ECMWF ERA5, and NCEP/CFSR. Wind speeds from three reanalysis datasets were validated with measurements at three different locations (Antalya, Dardanelles, and Silifke). The results of several statistical investigations show that ERA5 and CFSR wind data provide reasonably better fits with measurements compared to results of ERA-Interim data, especially in higher percentiles. Long-term wind and storm characteristics, long-term variability, and long-term trends with statistical significance levels were evaluated covering the period of 1979–2018. Long-term strong wind conditions with no significant long-term trend were detected in the northern Aegean Sea, while relatively weak, short-lived, and highly variable winds were determined in the southern, northern, and eastern Levantine Basin. For five selected regions, local analyses such as storm duration, and 99th percentile wind speed were evaluated in detail. Extreme wind analyses indicate that the largest discrepancy between the results of ERA5 and CFSR wind datasets was observed in the eastern Levantine basin, with the RC (relative difference) exceeding 22%. The highest extreme wind speeds for the 100-year return period were found in the northern Aegean Sea with values exceeding 21 m/s and 25 m/s for ERA5 and CFSR, respectively.
•The present study aims to provide comprehensive analyses of wind climate over the eastern Mediterranean Sea for 40-year data.•Spatiotemporal distribution of the wind and storm characteristics has been investigated using ERA-Interim, ERA5, and CFSR wind fields.•Extreme Value Analysis of Mediterranean Sea wind speeds was made using the GEV (Generalized Extreme Value) distribution.
The rectus abdominis muscle and musculocutaneous flaps have contributed to the efficient reconstruction of tissue defects that require a large amount of cutaneous and muscular tissue. In this ...article, outcomes of soft-tissue defects after reconstruction with the rectus abdominis muscle and musculocutaneous flaps were retrospectively analyzed. From August 2003 to June 2009, 25 flaps were transferred to reconstruct a wide variety of soft-tissue defects in the breast, chest wall, groin, perineal, and head and neck regions, as well as the upper and lower extremities. The rectus abdominis muscle and musculocutaneous flaps were used as part of 11 different approaches in 25 cases. There were 13 male and 12 female patients; the mean patient age was 44.2 years. The mean follow-up period was 8 months (range, 4–15 months). The overall success rate was 100%, and all flaps healed uneventfully. All reconstructive procedures were completed without any major complications. Rectus sheets were repaired primarily, and no mesh application was used. Minor complications related to transferred flaps were wound infection and dehiscence in one case, wound dehiscence in two cases, and flap lymphedema in one case. Minor complications related to the donor site were seroma in one case and wound infection and dehiscence in another case. This study presents our experience with the rectus abdominis muscle and musculocutaneous flaps in a series of 25 cases. The indications for the use of this particular flap with other flaps are discussed.
Ergun et al previously demonstrated the efficacy of hydrostatic dilation in a TRAM flap model in an experimental study. We investigated the effect of hydrostatic dilation on a fasciocutaneous flap ...model.
Eighteen female Wistar rats were equally divided into 3 groups, of which 1 served as a control. In the second, the abdominal fasciocutaneous flap surgical delay procedure was performed by division of the left superficial inferior epigastric (SIE) vessels. In the third, hydrostatic dilation was performed on the left SIE artery and vein, with a mean pressure of 300 mm Hg, while elevating the flap on the right-sided SIE pedicle. The groups were compared by microangiography and by the survival ratio of abdominal flaps 7 days after elevation.
The mean (SD) flap necrosis rates were as follows: control group, 44.75% (4.31%); delay group, 33.32% (7.11%); and hydrostatic dilation group, 32.51% (5.03%). There was a significant difference between the control group and the other 2 groups (P < 0.05). There was no difference between the delay and hydrostatic dilation groups with respect to surface area necrosis. The microangiographies showed remarkable increased vascularity in the delay and hydrostatic dilation groups.
Hydrostatic dilation is a new method of enhancing flap viability that could be used in clinical cases in place of surgical delay once further studies and clinical trials are completed.
This paper aims to evaluate spatiotemporal variability of the mean sea level pressure trends over the Black Sea using the gridded 40-year (1979-2018) reanalysis mean sea level pressure data from two ...different datasets. These datasets are the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA-Interim with a spatial resolution of 0.25° and temporal resolution of six hours, and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Climate Forecast System Reanalysis with a spatial resolution of 0.5° and temporal resolution of one hour. Data from both databases show that the mean sea level pressure tends to decrease towards the recent years over the entire Black Sea. The long-term averages of mean sea level pressure reflect the spatial variability over the Black Sea with much lower pressures in the eastern part of the Black Sea than that on the western side. The long-term variation is more intense in the eastern part of the Black Sea. Sea Level Anomaly over the Black Sea, spanning 26 years between 1993 and 2018, was analyzed using satellite altimetry data. It was found that there is a high Sea Level Anomaly where the mean sea level pressure is low, described by an inverted barometer response. The 39-year long Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly data (1981-2018) indicate the rising tendency in sea surface temperature towards recent years in the entire Black Sea. An inverse relationship is found between North Atlantic Oscillation index and sea surface temperature anomaly. On a seasonal scale, mean sea level pressure in winter (high-pressure system) is larger than that in summer (low-pressure system). Our analyses show that mean sea level pressure tends to decrease, sea surface temperature anomaly and sea surface temperature anomaly tends to increase in recent years over the Black Sea.
The Sea of Marmara is a typical example of enclosed seas and an inland sea bounded by land-masses in four directions, and it links the Black Sea and the Mediterranean via the Bosphorus and the ...Dardanelles straits. Moreover, The sea of Marmara has strategic importance with possessing marine structures such as various types of terminals, cruise terminals, and marinas, and also providing a strong economic contribution with tourism revenue. This situation brings the necessity of determining the design wind and wave parameters properly. The wind and wave characteristics and their variabilities were evaluated covering the last 40 years (1979–2018) by using two well-known wind fields, i.e., ECMWF ERA-Interim and NCEP/CFSR. Wave parameters were generated from the calibrated and validated SWAN model with ERA-Interim wind data. The spatial and temporal variability of the long-term averages and long-term trends of the wind and wave characteristics were investigated, and also extreme wave conditions were evaluated in detail. This study shows that the modeling of waves in enclosed seas is more challenging compared to open seas due to several affecting factors such as land which affect the wave fields and need high spatial resolution. The results indicate that orography and islands largely affect the wind and wave climate in the Sea of Marmara. The northern side of the Sea of Marmara is characterized by stronger wind and wave climate compared to the southern side. The annual mean values of wave height have decreasing tendencies while the annual maxima tend to increase in most parts of the Sea of Marmara. The dominant wind and wave directions are observed to be in the northeast and southwest sector and their magnitudes are controlled by the orographic features over the Marmara Region.
•Long-term analysis of extreme wave characteristics based on SWAN hindcasts using two different wind fields have been investigated over the Sea of Marmara which is a typical enclosed Sea.•The long-term variability and trends of wave characteristics have been assessed using different statistical parameters and methods for the Sea of Marmara wave climate.
Macrodactyly of the foot is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by an enlargement of the soft tissue and osseous elements. It is difficult to treat this disorder when both the functional and ...cosmetic problems are addressed simultaneously. In the presented case, we describe an adult male patient with macrodactyly of the great toe, who underwent surgical correction consisting of amputation with debulking of soft tissues. To our knowledge, only a few cases regarding adults with macrodactyly of the foot have been reported in the literature. We advocate early surgical treatment of macrodactyly of the foot to enhance the quality of social life. Arch Clin Exp Surg 2014; 3(2.000): 123-128
Rats are the most frequently used animals in composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA) studies and most craniofacial composite tissue transplantation models are described in rats. During the last 10 ...years, a total of 8 different craniofacial composite tissue allotransplantation (CCTA) models have designed and developed in rats. These models include full face/scalp transplants, hemiface transplants, composite hemiface/calvarium transplants, rat maxilla allotransplants, composite osteomusculocutaneous hemiface/mandible/tongue flap transplants, composite midface allotransplants, total osteocutaneous hemifacial allotransplantation model and composite face and eyeball allotransplant model with optic nerve. All these models provide a basic and scientific foundation for future success in CTA in the clinical setting. This review presents different experimental models of CCTA in rats which are relevant to observed in clinical scenario cases of severe facial deformities. Arch Clin Exp Surg 2012; 1(3.000): 181-187
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