The disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium difficile/Clostridium difficile associated disease/diarrhoea (CDAD) is becoming a serious problem especially in geriatric patients, who are now ...relatively often treated by broad-spectrum antibiotics. The goal of our study was to evaluate the occurrence of the risk factors and to evaluate the complex of relations and coherence which lead to the CDAD disease in a selected group of seniors treated at our institution.
The retrospective study evaluated a group of 67 patients with diagnosed CDAD, who were hospitalized at the clinic of internal medicine, geriatrics and practical medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital in Brno from January 2007 till October 2010. In the study 46 women (68.7%) and 21 men (31.3%) were included of the average age 78.8 +/- 10.3 years (56 till 96 years). The decisive moment in the diagnosis of CDAD was the discovery of enterotoxines A and B in faeces of the patients.
The mean time of hospitalization of the patients suffering from CDAD was significantly higher (p = 0.01) in comparison with the control patients (24.63 +/- 16.34 vs. 11.5 +/- 10.7 days). Polymorbidity was also high in those patients. On average, each patient was ill with 11.3 diseases. The most frequent diseases were: high blood pressure (76.1% of the patients), ischemic heart disease 68.7% and the third most frequent diagnosis was the cerebrovascular disease 50.7%. We found that only 13 patients (19.4%) did not take the antibiotics at all, further 54 patients (80.6%) used one or more antibiotics. From the cohort of 67 patients 12 died (17.9%), the section was done in 7 patients, and colitis pseudomembranosa was proved in 3 of them. In 8 cases relapse of the colitis was proved.
The infection of the clostridium is a very serious disease which increases the morbidity and mortality in geriatric patients. Besides the demands on the diagnostics and therapy, it influences also the duration of the hospitalization.
Mnohočetný myelom má velmi pestré projevy, které se často podobají běžným steskům nemocných, a proto obvykle je tato nemoc rozpoznávaná až ve formě pokročilé. Bolesti v páteři mohou být projevem ...deformativních a diskogenních změn, ale také projevem mnohočetného myelomu. Bolesti v dlouhých kostech mohou být důsledkem iradiace bolesti z artrotického kloubu, ale také velkého myelomového osteolytického ložiska, ohrožující kost spontánní frakturou. Patologická únava může mít mnoho příčin a mnohočetný myelom je jednou z nich. Anémie může mít také velké množství příčin a mnohočetný myelom je jednou z nich. Stoupající hodnoty kreatininu a renální selhání může mít také mnoho příčin a opět mnohočetný myelom je jednou z nich. Zhoršení imunity a vznik častých infekcí může být vlivem mnoha příčin, jednou z nich je mnohočetný myelom. Zmatenost, spavost může být projevem psychiatrické diagnózy, ale také projevem hyperkalcemie při mnohočetném myelomu. Proto v následujícím textu, který je určen pro lékaře nehematology, jsou podrobně rozebírány příznaky mnohočetného myelomu a diagnostické kroky vedoucí ke stanovení diagnózy a jen ve stručné podobě podány obrysové informace o léčbě. Podrobnosti lze nalézt také na www.myeloma.cz. Cílem textu je připomenout nehematologům projevy mnohočetného myelomu a posunout rozpoznávání této nemoci do časnějších forem.
Multiple myeloma has varied manifestations which resemble common patient complaints and that is why this disease is typically not diagnosed until it reaches an advanced stage. Spinal pains can be an expression of deformative and discogenous changes, but also a symptom of multiple myeloma. Pains in the long bones may result from the pain radiating from an arthrotic joint, but also from a large myelomatic osteolytic lesion which makes the bone prone to a spontaneous fracture. Pathological weariness may have many causes, multiple myeloma being one of them. Anemia may have a large number of causes and multiple myeloma is one of them. Raised creatinine levels and renal failure can also be due to many causes and again, multiple myeloma is one of them. Weakened immunity and frequent infections can also have many causes, among them multiple myeloma. Confusion and sleepiness may be due to psychiatric diagnosis, but also may result from hypercalcemia associated with multiple myeloma. The following text which is designed for non-hematology physicians therefore describes in detail the symptoms of multiple myeloma and diagnostic steps leading to establishing the diagnosis and it only briefly outlines the treatment related information. You can also visit www.myeloma.cz for details. This text aims to summarize the symptoms of multiple myeloma for physicians not specializing in hematology in order to facilitate earlier diagnosing of the disease.
Zdeněk Adam, Eva Pourová, Luděk Pour, Eva Michalková, Marta Krejčí, Renata Koukalová, Zdeněk Řehák, Jíří Vaníček, Tomáš Nebeský, Hana Petrášová, Sabina Ševčíková, Michal Mašek, Zdeněk Král, Aleš Čermák
