Combining 3D scanning and CAD reverse engineering is currently the only possible method to acquire the precise geometric calculation of clothed human body. To obtain realistic geometric CAD human ...body models, computer-assisted sequential reverse engineering was performed. The male modular jacket and corresponding whole-body clothing ensembles were afterwards tested by static thermal manikin. By combining precise thermal properties of clothing in respect to established geometrical features of each dressed CAD human body model, correlation has been ascertained between geometry and thermal insulation properties of clothing. The study has proven that the length of the outerwear items such as jackets, significantly impacts the changes in area and volume and substantially leads to increase in the thermal insulation value of the whole-body clothing ensembles. A 20 cm jacket's length enlargement leads to as much as 10.4% area increase and 22.0% volume increase in overall clothing ensemble and accounts for more than 25% increase in effective thermal insulation. The maximum jacket's length increase for 60 cm led to ensemble's area increase of 26.5% and volume increase of 75.5%. As observed, the increase in length for 60 cm simultaneously led to substantial increased in both overall volume and area and accounted for effective insulation increase for as much as 41.7%. The study has proven the causal link between the garment's length and consequential changes to geometrical clothing features, which directly affect the potential decrease or increase in the effective thermal insulation value.
The evaluation of energy efficiency improvements in polyisoprene footwear production is shown. By installing air preheater, combustion air natural gas consumption is reduced by 7%. Simultaneously, ...the boiler outlet flue gases’ temperature is decreased from 204 °C to 66.93 °C, providing a sound basis for both economical savings and energy efficiency improvements, as well as ecological benefits to the environment. The application of condensate heat recovery resulted in flue gases’ volume decreasing by 11.85% and a thermal pollution decrease of 91.34%. Combining air preheating by exhaust flue gases and condensate heat recovery resulted in a decrease in the flue gases’ volume by 17.97%, and in the temperature lowering to 66.93 °C. The energy consumption for a combined system on location φ=45°49′) with a collector field of 12.936 × 103 m2 was investigated. The hybrid system was calculated for four variants: (1) solarized process without flue gases’ heat recovery, (2) solarized processes with heat contend in flue gases using an air preheater, (3) solarized processes with condensate heat recovery, and (4) solarized processes with heat contend in flue gases using air preheater and condensate heat recovery. The highest fuel savings were shown in solarized processes with heat contend in flue gases using air preheater and condensate heat recovery, resulting in savings of up to 78.92%, while the flue gases’ volume decreased from 5390.95 m3FG/h to 932.12 m3FG/h.
Former studies done by other authors investigated the first- and second-layered air gaps beneath the clothing garments. None of the previous studies reported multidisciplinary clothing design testing ...approach linking both the objective measuring methods and subjective responses, while testing the thermal properties linked to a microclimatic volume formed between the layers of garments forming the ensemble. Neither was determined the limiting value of the microclimatic volume for outerwear garments, after which the thermal insulation will start to decrease due to convection. By taking the advantage of the precise three-dimensional (3D) body scanning technology and reverse engineering 3D CAD tool, the volume of the microclimatic air layers formed under outerwear garments was determined to study the impact of the ensemble’s microclimatic volume on the overall insulation value, measured by means of the thermal manikin. The jacket with the smaller microclimatic volume provided 5.2–13.5% less insulation than wider jackets, while the ensembles with tighter jackets showed 0.74–1.9% less insulation in static and 0.9–2.7% more insulation in dynamic conditions, thus proving that the limiting value of the microclimatic volume is greater than previously reported for three-layered ensembles. The effective thermal insulation value was reduced in average by 20.98–25.34% between standing and moving manikins. The thermal manikins are designed for steady-state measurements and do not work well under transient conditions, so three human subjects were employed as evaluators of the clothing thermal quality. In cooler climatic conditions, the measured physiological parameters and subjects’ grades pointed to discomfort while wearing ensembles with tighter jackets.
3D scanning technology and contemporary CAD systems have enabled various applications of scan data for different industries. 3D scan data have become the basis for the highly accurate digital ...representation of objects. CAD systems, on the other hand, enabled scan data restoration and modifi cation in order to get precise 3D models. Apart from being used in industries such as engineering and the automotive industries, CAD systems are today used by the textile and the apparel industry. However, there is a great deal of complexity in reconstructing and modelling 3D scan data of the human body. 3D scan data of the human body can be converted into a triangle mesh, while the CAD restoration process is performed using reverse engineering techniques in order to create a realistic model. Reverse engineering techniques involve the extraction of information about manufactured products. The conversion of data regarding the human body acquired by 3D scanning into a CAD model is a complex direct method. The 3D scan data processing of the human body requires a great deal of knowledge of the basic human anatomy, as the human body has an extremely complex geometry. The reverse modelling procedure is extremely multiplex and time consuming due to the large amount of details, while the workfl ow involved in restoring 3D scan data to even begin the reverse engineering process is complex. In recent studies, non-contact 3D body scanning, together with 3D CAD reverse engineering, could be applied for precise volume measurements for microclimatic volume and area quantifi cation, as the reconstructed model of the human body can serve for the further analysis of the thermal insulation properties of clothing in relation to the volume of air trapped between layers.
Three-dimensional (3D) scanning and computer-aided design (CAD) technology has been used in engineering and ergonomics practice for several years, due to their admissibility in producing accurate 3D ...object representation, scan data restoration and modification. Lately, application was extended for reconstructing and modelling 3D scan data of the human body, since this enables tracing the geometry information and precise measurement analysis. In this study, this technology was applied to analyse scanned models of a dressed human body. The changes in microclimatic air distribution and clothing area due to changing upper limb positions, simulating functional reaching movements for aircrew personnel, were calculated using 3D scanning and CAD technology. The results prove the posture representing the overall lateral limit of reach to be the best for the volume and area identification by means of 3D scanning. The study will further serve as a basis to modify clothing prototypes for improved thermal protection.
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of design solutions on the thermal insulation of the garments and the ensembles. Previous studies investigated the microclimatic air gaps and ...volumes, however only under the first - and the second - layered clothing. Since none of the previous studies covered three - layered ensembles, in this study ensembles were accompanied by jackets of different fit and length to investigate the ensembles’ thermal insulation. Variants of bomber jacket differ in the amount of the ease allowance, while variants of the parka differ in length. The thermal insulation of the ensembles increased for 21.6 to 59.7 % when one of the jacket variants was added as the outerwear garment. A threshold volume, after which the thermal insulation will start to decrease due to convection, wasn’t determined for the outerwear third - layered garments nor was the impact of the length of the garment on the thermal insulation clearly stated. This study involved laboratory testing of garments and ensembles by 3D body scanning and thermal manikin measurements. To evaluate the volume of the microclimatic air volume the accurate 3D body scanning was used and the impact of the microclimatic volume on the ensemble’s insulation was tested. The thermal insulation for the selected outerwear garments and afterwards ensembles was measured by resting thermal manikin. Analysis of the results obtained from tests, showed that the garments’ fit and length can be used to model the overall thermal insulation of the ensembles. The ensembles insulation enlargement was measured for microclimatic volumes up to 33.57 dm
3
(measured with ensembles accompanied with bomber jacket). The study proved that the limiting microclimatic volume is greater for three - layered clothing, than previously reported. The overall ensembles’ insulation increased simultaneously with the length enlargement (measured with ensembles accompanied with parka jacket). Findings will be of help in the future research on garments and ensembles thermal properties modelled through the design process and the construction.
Purpose
In order to present a significant usage of the computer-aided design (CAD)/computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) systems in the apparel and textile industry, the current literature has been ...observed. Although the CAD/CAM systems have also been increasingly applied to all fields apparel and textile manufacturing for the last few decades, improving the precision, productivity and the organization of the information flow, they have not been fully utilized in these industrial fields. The paper aims to discuss these issues.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper is structured in three main sections showing the vast applicability of the CAD/CAM systems, the benefits provided by them and the future trend in their development.
Findings
Although the initial development of the CAD/CAM systems strived to completely eliminate manual and time-consuming operations, they have not been accepted in practice due to their inflexibility at making changes and the time needed for regenerating a complex parametric model. The textile and apparel industries show slow progress in acquiring the CAD/CAM systems.
Originality/value
This CAD/CAM technology enabled the customization in the design process according to individual needs and directed the textile and the apparel industry to moving into new directions such as the mass customization to personalization. The paper makes clear that although this technological concept is rather old, the use of the CAD/CAM systems will inevitably broaden in terms of applicability to new production stages.
Some of the researches expressed connection between the numbers and size of the microclimatic air layers on thermal insulation of clothing. The insulation of the ensembles is much affected by the air ...enclosed between the clothing layers. In loose fitting clothing, they are less subjected to compression and thus add more to the overall thermal insulation. The heat and the moisture are released from the body into the microclimatic layers, subsequently changing properties of the entrapped air. The volume of the microclimatic air layers was investigated by the use of non-contact 3D CAD method. The temperature and humidity changes of microclimatic layers were also observed. This paper represents layer by layer quantification of the clothing ensemble volume with jackets as covering garment and the impact of the microclimatic volume on the clothing insulation. The three-level laboratory testing was performed with human subjects dressed in selected ensembles.
This study represents the evaluation of energy efficiency improvement using combination of natural gas, solar energy and flue gases heat recovery in polyester production. The analyzed energy sources ...are used for dry saturated steam generation. The energy consumption for combined system on location (φ = 45°49′) with collector field of 23.23 × 10
3
m
2
, was investigated. The hybrid system was calculated for four variants: (1) solarized process without flue gases heat recovery, (2) solarized processes with heat contend in flue gases using economizer, (3) solarized processes with heat contend in flue gases using an air preheater and (4) solarized processes with heat contend in flue gases using economizer and air preheater. The best method among presented sources is solution using economizer and the air preheater with natural gas, solar energy and flue gases heat recovery. The natural gas consumption is reduced for 67.82% which indicates that this solution is the optimal one. At the same time the volume of exhaust flue gases is diminished from 4947.1 to 1430.4
/h while simultaneously decreasing outlet temperature of 172.85°. Together with considerable energy savings, this hybrid system is sustainable and environmentally acceptable.
PDF
