The purpose of this research was to investigate the association of vocal attack time (VAT) and tones in speakers of Mandarin Chinese, and to explore how tones initiated at different pitch levels ...affected VAT. SP and EGG signals were synchronously recorded from 72 young undergraduates or postgraduates (42 females and 30 males) while they were reading aloud a wordlist of 50 disyllabic words at their most comfortable pitch, loudness and rate. VAT measures revealed three findings. (1) Vocal attack time shows no significant difference between the common yangping and the yangping derived from shangsheng. This, from a physiological perspective, supports the argument that the tone sequence 3-3 in Mandarin is indeed converted into 2-3, nothing else. (2) The tones of Mandarin Chinese that start from low pitch levels (35, 21) tend to present significantly different VAT values from those that start from high pitch levels (55, 51), with mean VATs of the former being much longer than those of the latter. This embodies the nonlinear contra-variant relationship between VAT and F0 at vowel onsets. (3) There are deviations or individual differences: a small number of people do not follow this pattern.
汉语作为典型的声调语言，有 着四个能区分意义的词调: 阴平 (55) ，阳平 (35)，上声 (214) 和去声 (51)。 但由于连读变调，在语流中经常出现 的四声调值为: 阴平 (55)，阳平 (35)，上声 (21) 和去声 (51)。本文 旨在研究汉语普通话者的声门碰撞时间 (Vocal Attack Time，or，VAT) 与声调的关系，以探索起始于不同音高层级的声调对该参数的影响情况。 我们从 位发音人 (男 30 人和 女 42 人) 同时录制了 50 个双音节词 的语音和喉头仪信号，所有发音人均为 20 多岁的在校大学生或研究生。单 独样本的 T 检验表明: 阳平以及由上声变来的阳平，去声以及由阴 平变 来的去声在声 门碰撞时间上不存在显著性差异。这就从生理上支持了两 上声相连，前上变阳平的观点。二因素重复测量的方差分析表明: 起始 于低音高层级的声调与起始于高音高层级的声调在声门碰撞时间上存在 着显著性差异，前者的值明显大于后者。但还存在有个体差异，72 位发 音人中有 26 位不符合这一模式。
In order to uncover the real origin of red luminescence from Sr_3Al_2O_6：Eu and the physical mechanisms that were involved in the dynamical process of luminescence, variant amount of Eu and Dy ...activated Sr_3Al_2O_6 phosphors were synthesized with the solid-state reaction and the combustion-assisted solid-state reaction, respectively, using the fine graphite powder or the mixed H^2＋N_2gases as a reducing agent. The phase was examined with XRD analysis and the photoluminescence properties were characterized by a fluorescence spectrometer. Although the phosphors possessed the same Sr_3Al_2O_6 phase, different emission colors（red or green） were obtained, relying on synthesis conditions. The simultaneous existence of Eu^2＋ and Eu^3＋ was not only observed in the emission and excitation spectra, but also identified with the near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy（NEXAFS）.The mixed valence（higher than ＋2 and less than ＋3） of Eu may be related with the six different sites of Sr, whose effective valence ranged from ＋1.5058 to ＋2.2698, in the crystal lattice of Sr_3Al_2O_6 that could accommodate Eu. Moreover, the reduction of Eu^3＋ to forming Eu^2＋ depended on the amount of Eu^3＋ or Dy^3＋ doped, due to the different energy barrier in each site of Sr that Eu had to overcome. The residual Eu^3＋, similar to the doped Dy^3＋, played an important role in supplying the hole for Eu^2＋ to form a bound trap（Eu^2＋）＊ after excitation. During electron returning to the 4f~7 ground state of Eu^2＋, the red luminescence was radiated. Therefore, the synergetic effects of Eu^2＋ and Eu^3＋（Dy^3＋） produce red luminescence.
The purpose of this research was to investigate the association of vocal attack time (VAT) and tones in speakers of Mandarin Chinese, and to explore how tones initiated at different pitch levels ...affected VAT. SP and EGG signals were synchronously recorded from 72 young undergraduates or postgraduates (42 females and 30 males) while they were reading aloud a wordlist of 50 disyllabic words at their most comfortable pitch, loudness and rate. VAT measures revealed three findings. (1) Vocal attack time shows no significant difference between the common yangping and the yangping derived from shangsheng. This, from a physiological perspective, supports the argument that the tone sequence 3-3 in Mandarin is indeed converted into 2-3, nothing else. (2) The tones of Mandarin Chinese that start from low pitch levels (35, 21) tend to present significantly different VAT values from those that start from high pitch levels (55, 51), with mean VATs of the former being much longer than those of the latter. This embodies the nonlinear contra-variant relationship between VAT and F0 at vowel onsets. (3) There are deviations or individual differences: a small number of people do not follow this pattern.
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