Purpose To investigate the prevalance of constipation among children presenting with bedwetting. Material and Methods Charts of children applying with only bedwetting complaint were evaluated. Those ...with daytime voiding symptoms and urinary tract infections were excluded. Symptoms of voiding dysfunction were sought with detailed history. Parents were given questionnaires designed to reveal constipation according to Rome III criteria, and they were filled after at least one month of observation without any treatment. Diagnosis of constipation was made when direct graph revealed an intestinal fullness obscuring the rectal image and/or when the symptoms fulfilled the Rome III criteria. Results A total of 88 patients were evaluated (female:24, male:64, mean age: 8.65 yrs). Primary and secondary enuresis nocturna (EN) was diagnosed in 79 and 9 patients respectively. Constipation was diagnosed in 62% and 67% of the patients with primary and secondary EN respectively. Daytime irritative symptoms coexisted in 20.5% of the cases, and when these cases were excluded, constipation existed in 53.2% of the cases with primary monosymptomatic enuresis nocturna. This is a higher rate than the similar population according to the literature. Conclusions A significant rate of constipation coexist in patients presenting with bedwetting, and these cases should not be labelled as monosymptomatic nocturnal enuretics. This subgroup of patients should be identified as cases with elimination dysfunction and treated accordingly. Lack of daytime voiding symptoms do not exclude defecation disorders.
Abstract PURPOSE We sought to find out how testicular apoptosis is influenced by BHCG treatment in an experimental cryptorchidism model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three main groups of 22 day-old healthy ...male Sprague-Dawley rats were formed (Sham-operated (SO), experimental cryptorchidism (EC), hormone treated EC groups (HT)). Each main group was also divided into early and late orchidectomy groups. HT group received 50 IU/kg BHCG daily for 7 days starting on first postoperative day. Eight and 30 days after EC surgery, all rats underwent left orchidectomy to reveal early and late changes in the testes. Apoptosis index (AI) was defined as the mean number of apoptotic cells per tubule. All groups were compared to each other, while each group was evaluated in terms of the differences between early and late periods. RESULTS Study was carried out with 60 rats in 6 groups totally. AI was significantly greater in EC and HT groups than SO group in both early and late periods. AI in HT group was smaller than EC group; the difference was statistically significant in late period while it was not so in early period. AI was found to be significantly decreased with time in all 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS Testicular apoptosis was found to be increased in experimental cryptorchidism. In HT group, AI was smaller than that of EC. For this reason, we suggest that hormone treatment in EC may have an effect that prevents or decreases apoptosis in EC model.
PURPOSE The causal relationship between circumcision and meatal strictures is controversial. We reviewed our data and assessed the roles of possible etiologic factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seventy ...six patients who underwent circumcision both for traditional and medical reasons at the department of Urology between 2004 and 2006 were included in the study. Meatal calibrations were achieved using lubricated polyethyhlene tubes by the same surgeon, such that the largest caliber tube that did not stretch the external meatus and fossa navicularis represented the meatal size. Postoperative meatal caliber was assessed at 1 to 3 months (mean:1.4) after the circumcision. Circumcision techniques were categorized with respect to the competence of phrenular artery. Circumferential incision was made at a more proximal level on the ventral aspect of the penis and no cautery to, or ligation of phrenular artery was performed in those who underwent phrenulum-sparing circumcisions. The influence of phrenulum sparing, diapers and preoperative gonadotropin treatment on the postoperative percent change in meatal calibration was assessed statistically. RESULTS Mean patient age was 35.4 months (range 1 to 102). Pre and postoperative mean meatal calibers were 10.53F and 10.11F respectively. Overall decrease in meatal caliber (3.98%) was statistically significant (p=0.0001). Preoperative gonadotropins, although statistically insignificant, seemed to have a protective effect. Phrenulum sparing did not prevent meatal downsizing (p=0.005). Having diapers seemed to be a greater risk factor for meatal strictures (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Decrease in meatal caliber as early as 1 to 3 months after circumcision is statistically significant, though clinical importance of this decrease is yet to be determined.
With the development of web-based technologies, it has been observed that the number of software called "bot" in the Internet tends to increase. As a result of this increase, the internet sites have ...become unable to use the resources in their hands efficiently. In this study, CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) test, which is proposed to prevent bot software, was created and solved using image processing techniques. In this context, sample texts were created and the letters were analyzed. Performance analyses were carried out with experimental results. As a result of the tests performed, it has been observed that the tests performed with the template matching method can be resolved at a satisfactory level of accuracy. In addition, it has been found that the resolution rates decrease significantly with the addition of geometric distortions to the test texts.
Superpixels recently gained in importance in image segmentation and classification problems. In scene labeling the image is initially segmented into visually consistent small regions using a ...superpixel algorithm; then, superpixels are parsed into different classes. Classification performance heavily depends on the properties and parametric settings of the superpixel algorithm in use. In this paper, a method is proposed to improve scene labeling accuracy by fusing at classifier level the results of multiple superpixel segmentations. First, likelihood ratios are determined for superpixel labels using simple, nonparametric SuperParsing algorithm, which requires no training. Then, final scene segmentation and labeling is performed by pixel-level fusion of the likelihood ratios that are computed for alternative superpixel segmentation scenarios. The proposed method is tested on the SIFT Flow dataset consisting of 2,688 images and 33 labels, and is shown to outperform SuperParsing in terms of classification accuracy.
We evaluated the effect of TUR(P) on PSA progression in patients with advanced prostate carcinoma and urinary retention. We studied on 17 patients with advanced prostate cancer who had urinary ...retention when followed with hormonal treatment. Their mean age was 74.85 years. The patient files were noted such as rectal examination, bone scintigraphy, USG, treatment, prostate biopsy results, initial PSA and PSA measurements every during treatment. All of these patients were performed Channel TUR(P). After TUR(P), the patients were followed by PSA measurements at the first month and then every two months. We determined the patients with PSA progression and statistically analysed our results during the follow up. After Channel TUR(P) within six month, six patients had PSA progression and 2 of the patients died due to disease progression. At the end of the first year, the progression of PSA was assessed in 9 patients and 3 patients died as well. There was no statistical difference between both groups with or without PSA progression. In addition, the difference between Gleason score employed in prostate needle biopsy and PSA progression were not statistical different. When Channel TUR(P) specimens were compared with the outcomes of prostate needle biopsy in histologic manner, upgrading were determined in 10 cases. Statistical difference was significant in patients who were determined high grade and PSA progression (p<.05). As a result, we thought that urinary retention in advanced prostate cancer might be caused by grade progression and this was related to increased prostate size. We found that Channel TUR(P) which was performed on these patients had no effect on PSA progression.
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