A better understanding of the neural systems underlying impulse control is important for psychiatry. Although most impulses are motivational or emotional rather than motoric per se, it is research ...into the neural architecture of motor response control that has made the greatest strides. This article reviews recent developments in the cognitive neuroscience of stopping responses. Most research of this kind has focused on reactive control—that is, how subjects stop a response outright when instructed by a signal. It is argued that reactive paradigms are limited as models of control relevant to psychiatry. Instead, a set of paradigms is advocated that begins to model proactive inhibitory control—that is, how a subject prepares to stop an upcoming response tendency. Proactive inhibitory control is generated according to the goals of the subject rather than by an external signal, and it can be selectively targeted at a particular response tendency. This may have wider validity than reactive control as an experimental model for stopping inappropriate responses.
Hyperbolic Inflation Brown, Adam R
Physical review letters,
2018-Dec-21, Letnik:
121, Številka:
25
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A model of cosmological inflation is proposed in which field space is a hyperbolic plane. The inflaton never slow-rolls, and instead orbits the bottom of the potential, buoyed by a centrifugal force. ...Though initial velocities redshift away during inflation, in negatively curved spaces angular momentum naturally starts exponentially large and remains relevant throughout. Quantum fluctuations produce perturbations that are adiabatic and approximately scale invariant; strikingly, in a certain parameter regime the perturbations can grow double exponentially during horizon crossing.
The potential impact of social distancing policies during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on social isolation and loneliness is of increasing global concern. Although many studies ...focus primarily on loneliness, patterns of social isolation-particularly physical and digital isolation-are understudied. We examined changes in social isolation, physical isolation, digital isolation, and loneliness in U.S. adults older than 50 before and during the lockdown.
Two waves of the Health and Retirement Study, a national panel sample of U.S. adults older than 50 years, were used. Fixed-effects regression models were fitted to identify within-person change from 2016 to 2020 to examine the impact of social distancing policies during the pandemic.
There was an increase in physical isolation and social isolation among respondents during the COVID-19 social distancing policies. However, respondents experienced no change in digital isolation or loneliness. The increase in physical isolation was only present for people with high COVID-19 concern, whereas people with low concern experienced no change in physical isolation.
Despite an increase in physical isolation due to the social distancing policies, U.S. adults aged older than 50 stayed connected through digital contact and were resilient in protecting themselves from loneliness.
Fluorescence-activated droplet sorting is an important tool for droplet microfluidic workflows, but published approaches are unable to surpass throughputs of a few kilohertz. We present a new ...geometry that replaces the hard divider separating the outlets with a gapped divider, allowing sorting over ten times faster.
Second law of quantum complexity Brown, Adam R.; Susskind, Leonard
Physical review. D,
04/2018, Letnik:
97, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We give arguments for the existence of a thermodynamics of quantum complexity that includes a “second law of complexity.” To guide us, we derive a correspondence between the computational (circuit) ...complexity of a quantum system of K qubits, and the positional entropy of a related classical system with 2K degrees of freedom. We also argue that the kinetic entropy of the classical system is equivalent to the Kolmogorov complexity of the quantum Hamiltonian. We observe that the expected pattern of growth of the complexity of the quantum system parallels the growth of entropy of the classical system. We argue that the property of having less-than-maximal complexity (uncomplexity) is a resource that can be expended to perform directed quantum computation. Although this paper is not primarily about black holes, we find a surprising interpretation of the uncomplexity resource as the accessible volume of spacetime behind a black hole horizon.
As time passes, once simple quantum states tend to become more complex. For strongly coupled k-local Hamiltonians, this growth of computational complexity has been conjectured to follow a distinctive ...and universal pattern. In this paper we show that the same pattern is exhibited by a much simpler system-classical geodesics on a compact two-dimensional geometry of uniform negative curvature. This striking parallel persists whether the system is allowed to evolve naturally or is perturbed from the outside.
Alterations in cardiac energy metabolism contribute to the severity of heart failure. However, the energy metabolic changes that occur in heart failure are complex and are dependent not only on the ...severity and type of heart failure present but also on the co-existence of common comorbidities such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The failing heart faces an energy deficit, primarily because of a decrease in mitochondrial oxidative capacity. This is partly compensated for by an increase in ATP production from glycolysis. The relative contribution of the different fuels for mitochondrial ATP production also changes, including a decrease in glucose and amino acid oxidation, and an increase in ketone oxidation. The oxidation of fatty acids by the heart increases or decreases, depending on the type of heart failure. For instance, in heart failure associated with diabetes and obesity, myocardial fatty acid oxidation increases, while in heart failure associated with hypertension or ischemia, myocardial fatty acid oxidation decreases. Combined, these energy metabolic changes result in the failing heart becoming less efficient (ie, a decrease in cardiac work/O
consumed). The alterations in both glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in the failing heart are due to both transcriptional changes in key enzymes involved in these metabolic pathways, as well as alterations in NAD redox state (NAD
and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels) and metabolite signaling that contribute to posttranslational epigenetic changes in the control of expression of genes encoding energy metabolic enzymes. Alterations in the fate of glucose, beyond flux through glycolysis or glucose oxidation, also contribute to the pathology of heart failure. Of importance, pharmacological targeting of the energy metabolic pathways has emerged as a novel therapeutic approach to improving cardiac efficiency, decreasing the energy deficit and improving cardiac function in the failing heart.
Two decades of cross-species neuroscience research on rapid action-stopping in the laboratory has provided motivation for an underlying prefrontal-basal ganglia circuit. Here we provide an update of ...key studies from the past few years. We conclude that this basic neural circuit is on increasingly firm ground, and we move on to consider whether the action-stopping function implemented by this circuit applies beyond the simple laboratory stop signal task. We advance through a series of studies of increasing 'real-worldness', starting with laboratory tests of stopping of speech, gait and bodily functions, and then going beyond the laboratory to consider neural recordings and stimulation during moments of control presumably required in everyday activities such as walking and driving. We end by asking whether stopping research has clinical relevance, focusing on movement disorders such as stuttering, tics and freezing of gait. Overall, we conclude there are hints that the prefrontal-basal ganglia action-stopping circuit that is engaged by the basic stop signal task is recruited in myriad scenarios; however, truly proving this for real-world scenarios requires a new generation of studies that will need to overcome substantial technical and inferential challenges.
Highlights • The right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) implements a brake over response tendencies. • This brake can be turned on totally or partially by external signals. • It can also be turned on ...by goals/intentions. • Damage to this region and/or its network contributes to impulse control disorders.
PDF
