Summary Background The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is used to screen for prostate cancer but has a high false-positive rate that translates into unnecessary prostate biopsies and ...overdiagnosis of low-risk prostate cancers. We aimed to develop and validate a model to identify high-risk prostate cancer (with a Gleason score of at least 7) with better test characteristics than that provided by PSA screening alone. Methods The Stockholm 3 (STHLM3) study is a prospective, population-based, paired, screen-positive, diagnostic study of men without prostate cancer aged 50–69 years randomly invited by date of birth from the Swedish Population Register kept by the Swedish Tax Agency. Men with prostate cancer at enrolment were excluded from the study. The predefined STHLM3 model (a combination of plasma protein biomarkers PSA, free PSA, intact PSA, hK2, MSMB, MIC1, genetic polymorphisms 232 SNPs, and clinical variables age, family, history, previous prostate biopsy, prostate exam), and PSA concentration were both tested in all participants enrolled. The primary aim was to increase the specificity compared with PSA without decreasing the sensitivity to diagnose high-risk prostate cancer. The primary outcomes were number of detected high-risk cancers (sensitivity) and the number of performed prostate biopsies (specificity). The STHLM3 training cohort was used to train the STHLM3 model, which was prospectively tested in the STHLM3 validation cohort. Logistic regression was used to test for associations between biomarkers and clinical variables and prostate cancer with a Gleason score of at least 7. This study is registered with ISCRTN.com , number ISRCTN84445406. Findings The STHLM3 model performed significantly better than PSA alone for detection of cancers with a Gleason score of at least 7 (p<0·0001), the area under the curve was 0·56 (95% CI 0·55–0·60) with PSA alone and 0·74 (95% CI 0·72–0·75) with the STHLM3 model. All variables used in the STHLM3 model were significantly associated with prostate cancers with a Gleason score of at least 7 (p<0·05) in a multiple logistic regression model. At the same level of sensitivity as the PSA test using a cutoff of ≥3 ng/mL to diagnose high risk prostate cancer, use of the STHLM3 model could reduce the number of biopsies by 32% (95% CI 24–39) and could avoid 44% (35–54) of benign biopsies. Interpretation The STHLM3 model could reduce unnecessary biopsies without compromising the ability to diagnose prostate cancer with a Gleason score of at least 7, and could be a step towards personalised risk-based prostate cancer diagnostic programmes. Funding Stockholm County Council (Stockholms Läns Landsting).
Summary Background Cancer is associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic diseases, but data on the association between prostate cancer and thromboembolic diseases are scarce. We investigated ...the risk of thromboembolic disease in men with prostate cancer who were receiving endocrine treatment, curative treatment, or surveillance. Methods We analysed data from PCBaSe Sweden, a database based on the National Prostate Cancer Register, which covers over 96% of prostate cancer cases in Sweden. Standardised incidence ratios (SIR) of deep-venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, and arterial embolism were calculated by comparing observed and expected (using the total Swedish male population) occurrences of thromboembolic disease, taking into account age, calendar-time, number of thromboembolic diseases, and time since previous thromboembolic disease. Findings Between Jan 1, 1997, and Dec 31, 2007, 30 642 men received primary endocrine therapy, 26 432 curative treatment, and 19 526 surveillance. 1881 developed a thromboembolic disease. For men on endocrine therapy, risks for DVT (SIR 2·48, 95% CI 2·25–2·73) and pulmonary embolism (1·95, 1·81–2·15) were increased, although this was not the case for arterial embolism (1·00, 0·82–1·20). Similar patterns were seen for men who received curative treatment (DVT: 1·73, 1·47–2·01; pulmonary embolism: 2·03, 1·79–2·30; arterial embolism: 0·95, 0·69–1·27) and men who were on surveillance (DVT: 1·27, 1·08–1·47; pulmonary embolism: 1·57, 1·38–1·78; arterial embolism: 1·08, 0·87–1·33). Increased risks for thromboembolic disease were maintained when patients were stratified by age and tumour stage. Interpretation All men with prostate cancer were at higher risk of thromboembolic diseases, with the highest risk for those on endocrine therapy. Our results indicate that prostate cancer itself, prostate cancer treatments, and selection mechanisms all contribute to increased risk of thromboembolic disease. Thromboembolic disease should be a concern when managing patients with prostate cancer. Funding Swedish Research Council, Stockholm Cancer Society, and Cancer Research UK.
A
bstract
The production of J/
ψ
is measured as a function of charged-particle multiplicity at forward rapidity in proton-proton (pp) collisions at center-of-mass energies
$$ \sqrt{s} $$
s
= 5.02 and ...13 TeV. The J/
ψ
mesons are reconstructed via their decay into dimuons in the rapidity interval (2.5
< y <
4.0), whereas the charged-particle multiplicity density (d
N
ch
/
d
η
) is measured at midrapidity (
|η| <
1). The production rate as a function of multiplicity is reported as the ratio of the yield in a given multiplicity interval to the multiplicity-integrated one. This observable shows a linear increase with charged-particle multiplicity normalized to the corresponding average value for inelastic events (d
N
ch
/d
η
/〈d
N
ch
/d
η
〉), at both the colliding energies. Measurements are compared with available ALICE results at midrapidity and theoretical model calculations. First measurement of the mean transverse momentum (〈
p
T
〉) of J/
ψ
in pp collisions exhibits an increasing trend as a function of d
N
ch
/d
η
/〈d
N
ch
/d
η
〉 showing a saturation towards high charged-particle multiplicities.
A
bstract
A measurement of inclusive, prompt, and non-prompt J/
ψ
production in p-Pb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy
$$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} $$
s
NN
= 5
.
02 TeV is presented. ...The inclusive J/
ψ
mesons are reconstructed in the dielectron decay channel at midrapidity down to a transverse momentum
p
T
= 0. The inclusive J/
ψ
nuclear modification factor
R
pPb
is calculated by comparing the new results in p-Pb collisions to a recently measured proton-proton reference at the same centre-of-mass energy. Non-prompt J/
ψ
mesons, which originate from the decay of beauty hadrons, are separated from promptly produced J/
ψ
on a statistical basis for
p
T
larger than 1.0 GeV/
c
. These results are based on the data sample collected by the ALICE detector during the 2016 LHC p-Pb run, corresponding to an integrated luminosity
$$ \mathcal{L} $$
L
int
= 292
±
11
μ
b
−
1
, which is six times larger than the previous publications. The total uncertainty on the
p
T
-integrated inclusive J/
ψ
and non-prompt J/
ψ
cross section are reduced by a factor 1.7 and 2.2, respectively. The measured cross sections and
R
pPb
are compared with theoretical models that include various combinations of cold nuclear matter effects. From the non-prompt J/
ψ
production cross section, the
$$ \mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $$
b
b
¯
production cross section at midrapidity,
$$ {\mathrm{d}\sigma}_{\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}} $$
d
σ
b
b
¯
/
d
y
, and the total cross section extrapolated over full phase space,
$$ {\sigma}_{\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}} $$
σ
b
b
¯
, are derived.
Abstract
Angular correlations of heavy-flavour and charged particles in high-energy proton–proton collisions are sensitive to the production mechanisms of heavy quarks and to their fragmentation as ...well as hadronisation processes. The measurement of the azimuthal-correlation function of prompt D mesons with charged particles in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of
$$\sqrt{s} = 13$$
s
=
13
TeV with the ALICE detector is reported, considering
$$\mathrm D^{0} $$
D
0
,
$$\mathrm D^{+} $$
D
+
, and
$$\mathrm D^{*+} $$
D
∗
+
mesons in the transverse-momentum interval
$$3< p_{\mathrm{T}} < 36$$
3
<
p
T
<
36
GeV/
$$c$$
c
at midrapidity (
$$|y| < 0.5$$
|
y
|
<
0.5
), and charged particles with
$$p_{\mathrm{T}} > 0.3$$
p
T
>
0.3
GeV/
$$c$$
c
and pseudorapidity
$$|\eta | < 0.8$$
|
η
|
<
0.8
. This measurement has an improved precision and provides an extended transverse-momentum coverage compared to previous ALICE measurements at lower energies. The study is also performed as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity, showing no modifications of the correlation function with multiplicity within uncertainties. The properties and the transverse-momentum evolution of the near- and away-side correlation peaks are studied and compared with predictions from various Monte Carlo event generators. Among those considered, PYTHIA8 and POWHEG+PYTHIA8 provide the best description of the measured observables. The obtained results can provide guidance on tuning the generators.
A
bstract
The inclusive production of the J/
ψ
and
ψ
(2S) charmonium states is studied as a function of centrality in p-Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair
$$ ...\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} $$
s
NN
= 8
.
16 TeV at the LHC. The measurement is performed in the dimuon decay channel with the ALICE apparatus in the centre-of-mass rapidity intervals
−
4
.
46
< y
cms
< −
2
.
96 (Pb-going direction) and 2
.
03
< y
cms
<
3
.
53 (p-going direction), down to zero transverse momentum (
p
T
). The J/
ψ
and
ψ
(2S) production cross sections are evaluated as a function of the collision centrality, estimated through the energy deposited in the zero degree calorimeter located in the Pb-going direction. The
p
T
-differential J/
ψ
production cross section is measured at backward and forward rapidity for several centrality classes, together with the corresponding average 〈
p
T
〉 and
$$ \left\langle {p}_{\mathrm{T}}^2\right\rangle $$
p
T
2
values. The nuclear effects affecting the production of both charmonium states are studied using the nuclear modification factor. In the p-going direction, a suppression of the production of both charmonium states is observed, which seems to increase from peripheral to central collisions. In the Pb-going direction, however, the centrality dependence is different for the two states: the nuclear modification factor of the J/
ψ
increases from below unity in peripheral collisions to above unity in central collisions, while for the
ψ
(2S) it stays below or consistent with unity for all centralities with no significant centrality dependence. The results are compared with measurements in p-Pb collisions at
$$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} $$
s
NN
= 5
.
02 TeV and no significant dependence on the energy of the collision is observed. Finally, the results are compared with theoretical models implementing various nuclear matter effects.
A
bstract
The inclusive J/
ψ
elliptic (
v
2
) and triangular (
v
3
) flow coefficients measured at forward rapidity (2
.
5
< y <
4) and the
v
2
measured at midrapidity (|
y
|
<
0
.
9) in Pb-Pb ...collisions at
$$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} $$
s
NN
= 5
.
02 TeV using the ALICE detector at the LHC are reported. The entire Pb-Pb data sample collected during Run 2 is employed, amounting to an integrated luminosity of 750
μ
b
−
1
at forward rapidity and 93
μ
b
−
1
at midrapidity. The results are obtained using the scalar product method and are reported as a function of transverse momentum
p
T
and collision centrality. At midrapidity, the J/
ψ v
2
is in agreement with the forward rapidity measurement. The centrality averaged results indicate a positive J/
ψ v
3
with a significance of more than 5
σ
at forward rapidity in the
p
T
range 2
< p
T
<
5 GeV/
c
. The forward rapidity
v
2
,
v
3
, and
v
3
/v
2
results at low and intermediate
p
T
(
p
T
≲ 8 GeV/
c
) exhibit a mass hierarchy when compared to pions and D mesons, while converging into a species-independent curve at higher
p
T
. At low and intermediate
p
T
, the results could be interpreted in terms of a later thermalization of charm quarks compared to light quarks, while at high
p
T
, path-length dependent effects seem to dominate. The J/
ψ v
2
measurements are further compared to a microscopic transport model calculation. Using a simplified extension of the quark scaling approach involving both light and charm quark flow components, it is shown that the D-meson
v
n
measurements can be described based on those for charged pions and J/
ψ
flow.
A
bstract
Inclusive J
/ψ
yields and average transverse momenta in p-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair
$$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} $$
s
NN
= 8
.
16 TeV are measured as a function ...of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density with ALICE. The J
/ψ
mesons are reconstructed at forward (2
.
03
< y
cms
<
3
.
53) and backward (
−
4
.
46
< y
cms
< −
2
.
96) center-of-mass rapidity in their dimuon decay channel while the charged-particle pseudorapidity density is measured around midrapidity. The J
/ψ
yields at forward and backward rapidity normalized to their respective average values increase with the normalized charged-particle pseudorapidity density, the former showing a weaker increase than the latter. The normalized average transverse momenta at forward and backward rapidity manifest a steady increase from low to high charged-particle pseudorapidity density with a saturation beyond the average value.
A
bstract
Systematic studies of charge-dependent two- and three-particle correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at
$$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} $$
s
NN
= 2.76 and 5.02 TeV used to probe the Chiral Magnetic ...Effect (CME) are presented. These measurements are performed for charged particles in the pseudorapidity (
η
) and transverse momentum (
p
T
) ranges |
η
|
<
0
.
8 and 0
.
2
< p
T
<
5 GeV/
c
. A significant charge-dependent signal that becomes more pronounced for peripheral collisions is reported for the CME-sensitive correlators
γ
1, 1
= 〈cos(
φ
α
+
φ
β
− 2Ψ
2
)〉 and
γ
1, − 3
= 〈cos(
φ
α
− 3
φ
β
+ 2Ψ
2
)〉. The results are used to estimate the contribution of background effects, associated with local charge conservation coupled to anisotropic flow modulations, to measurements of the CME. A blast-wave parametrisation that incorporates local charge conservation tuned to reproduce the centrality dependent background effects is not able to fully describe the measured
γ
1
,
1
. Finally, the charge and centrality dependence of mixed-harmonics three-particle correlations, of the form
γ
1, 2
= 〈cos(
φ
α
+ 2
φ
β
− 3Ψ
3
)〉, which are insensitive to the CME signal, verify again that background contributions dominate the measurement of
γ
1
,
1
.
Abstract
The multiplicity dependence of electron production from heavy-flavour hadron decays as a function of transverse momentum was measured in p-Pb collisions at
$$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} $$
s
NN
...= 5
.
02 TeV using the ALICE detector at the LHC. The measurement was performed in the centre-of-mass rapidity interval
−
1
.
07
< y
cms
<
0
.
14 and transverse momentum interval 2
< p
T
<
16 GeV
/c
. The multiplicity dependence of the production of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays was studied by comparing the
p
T
spectra measured for different multiplicity classes with those measured in pp collisions (
Q
pPb
) and in peripheral p-Pb collisions (
Q
cp
). The
Q
pPb
results obtained are consistent with unity within uncertainties in the measured
p
T
interval and event classes. This indicates that heavy-flavour decay electron production is consistent with binary scaling and independent of the geometry of the collision system. Additionally, the results suggest that cold nuclear matter effects are negligible within uncertainties, in the production of heavy-flavour decay electrons at midrapidity in p-Pb collisions.
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