The drift chamber system for the FINUDA experiment Agnello, M
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
09/1996, Letnik:
379, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
FINUDA 1,2 is one of the two experiments approved for running in the coming years at DAΦNE, the Frascati φ-factory. Large production of Λ-hypernuclei, from absorption of K
− at rest in nuclear ...targets, will allow an unprecedented step forward in hypernuclear physics (spectroscopy, mesonic and non-mesonic decay, new hypernuclei with neutron excess).
The foreseen momentum resolution for pions of 250–270 MeV/
c is nearly 0.3% FWHM over a solid angle larger than 2π, and the foreseen production of hypernuclear states is 75 per hour.
•Nosema maddoxi is an entomopathogen infecting Halyomorpha halys in the US.•Nosema maddoxi has a wide distribution in Halyomorpha halys populations in the US.•Nosema maddoxi infection in Halyomorpha ...halys populations is variable and seasonal.
In 2017, Nosema maddoxi Becnel, Solter, Hajek, Huang, Sanscrainte, & Estep (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) was described as a pathogen of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). This study focused on the phenology, distribution, and prevalence of N. maddoxi infections in H. halys populations in the United States. Collections of H. halys from three sites in 2018 were evaluated for the seasonality of N. maddoxi infections. Prevalence of infection in spring, after H. halys adults overwintered, averaged 37.5 ± 18.9% (peaking at 60.0% in one site) followed by lower infection prevalence during two summer collections (9.7 ± 4.1% and 7.3 ± 2.4%). Collections of H. halys from 31 sites in 11 states in 2017 and 2018 were evaluated and N. maddoxiwas found in every state sampled, averaging 18.9 ± 4.3% infection (range: 0.0–52.0%). Prevalence of low-intensity infections was higher than high-intensity infections in both the phenology study (low-intensity infections = 69.3%, high-intensity infection = 30.7%) and the distribution study (low-intensity infections = 62.4%, high-intensity infections = 37.6%). Internal melanized tissues within infected H. halys adults are visible as brown spots through the abdominal cuticle and this physical sign can help indicate N. maddoxi infection: 74.2% of H. halys with these spots were infected; however, 30.0% of H. halys adults that did not have spots were infected. Based on this study, this pathogen is widely distributed throughout H. halys populations in the US, and infection prevalence is variable among sites and is seasonal, with the highest infection levels occurring when H. halys adults are aggregated.
A systems-based approach was used to evaluate integrated (IFP) and organic fruit production (OFP) (during and after the transition period) in an established high-density commercial orchard of ...disease-resistant ‘Liberty’ apples (Malus xdomestica Borkh.). Agroecological and economic evaluations included: yields, tree growth, leaf nutrient levels, arthropod and cosmetic fruit damage, environmental impacts, variable costs of production, and potential crop value using both direct market and wholesale market prices. Cumulative yields (2004–2007) of both harvested and total (harvested + dropped) fruit were not different between the two systems. Tree size (trunk cross-sectional area) was not consistently different between the production systems. The IFP-grown apples had between 3% and 6% insect damage (within normal percentages for this region) and between 3% and 17% total damage (either internal or cosmetic). The OFP-grown apples had between 3% and 25% insect damage and 3% to 75% total damage, varying greatly from year to year. In 2006, superficial blemishes, caused by diseases and scarfskin, were extensive on OFP-grown fruit. Using the Environmental Impact Quotient, the potential negative environmental impacts were estimated to be six times greater in the OFP system, largely as a result of the use of lime sulfur and fish oil for thinning and the large quantity of kaolin clay used for pest control. Partial budgets of both systems estimated variable production expenses to be 9% greater for OFP. Sales value was estimated to be 6% greater for OFP than IFP using direct market prices (e.g., farm stand or farmers' market) and 11% greater for IFP than OFP using wholesale market prices. A 56% premium was used to calculate the OFP crop value in the third and fourth years (fruit could have been sold with an organic label after 36 months from the last organically prohibited material). Four years of evaluation suggested that IFP could be widely implemented in the northeastern United States, but the lack of market incentives might impede its adoption. Producing disease-resistant apples under an OFP system also showed potential for success, but a price premium would be needed to offset the reduced profitability incurred from arthropod pests, poor fruit finish, and small fruit size.
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