We generalize the conditions for stable electrodeposition at isotropic solid-solid interfaces using a kinetic model which incorporates the effects of stresses and surface tension at the interface. We ...develop a stability diagram that shows two regimes of stability: a previously known pressure-driven mechanism and a new density-driven stability mechanism that is governed by the relative density of metal in the two phases. We show that inorganic solids and solid polymers generally do not lead to stable electrodeposition, and provide design guidelines for achieving stable electrodeposition.
The rapid advances in the internet and communication fields have resulted in a huge increase in the network size and the corresponding data. As a result, many novel attacks are being generated and ...have posed challenges for network security to accurately detect intrusions. Furthermore, the presence of the intruders with the aim to launch various attacks within the network cannot be ignored. An intrusion detection system (IDS) is one such tool that prevents the network from possible intrusions by inspecting the network traffic, to ensure its confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Despite enormous efforts by the researchers, IDS still faces challenges in improving detection accuracy while reducing false alarm rates and in detecting novel intrusions. Recently, machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL)‐based IDS systems are being deployed as potential solutions to detect intrusions across the network in an efficient manner. This article first clarifies the concept of IDS and then provides the taxonomy based on the notable ML and DL techniques adopted in designing network‐based IDS (NIDS) systems. A comprehensive review of the recent NIDS‐based articles is provided by discussing the strengths and limitations of the proposed solutions. Then, recent trends and advancements of ML and DL‐based NIDS are provided in terms of the proposed methodology, evaluation metrics, and dataset selection. Using the shortcomings of the proposed methods, we highlighted various research challenges and provided the future scope for the research in improving ML and DL‐based NIDS.
(1) A systematic study is conducted to select recent articles on various ML and DL‐based NIDS published during the past 3 years (2017 ‐ April 2020).(2) Extensively discussed various features of papers including proposed methodology, strength, weakness, evaluation metrics, and the used datasets.(3) Based on these observations, recent trends of using AI methods are provided for NIDS, followed by highlighting different challenges in ML/DL‐based NIDS and future directions in this important domain.
In the current study, heat transfer performances and flow characteristics of alumina–copper/water (Al
2
O
3
–Cu/H
2
O) hybrid nanofluid over a stretching cylinder are explored under the influence of ...Lorentz magnetic forces and thermal radiation. The Roseland’s flux model is employed for the impact of thermal radiations. The governing flow problem comprises of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which are transformed into nondimensional form via suitable similarity transforms, Boussinesq and boundary layer approximations. Results of heat and fluid flow as well as convective heat transfer coefficient and skin friction coefficient under influence of embedding parameters are displayed and discussed through tables and graphs. To check its heat transfer performance, a comparison of hybrid nanofluid with base fluid and single material nanofluids is also made and found that hybrid nanofluids are more effective in heat transfer than conventional fluids or single nanoparticles-based nanofluids.
Most next-generation Li ion battery chemistries require a functioning lithium metal (Li) anode. However, its application in secondary batteries has been inhibited because of uncontrollable dendrite ...growth during cycling. Mechanical suppression of dendrite growth through solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) or through robust separators has shown the most potential for alleviating this problem. Studies of the mechanical behavior of Li at any length scale and temperature are limited because of its extreme reactivity, which renders sample preparation, transfer, microstructure characterization, and mechanical testing extremely challenging. We conduct nanomechanical experiments in an in situ scanning electron microscope and show that micrometer-sized Li attains extremely high strengths of 105 MPa at room temperature and of 35 MPa at 90 °C. We demonstrate that single-crystalline Li exhibits a power-law size effect at the micrometer and submicrometer length scales, with the strengthening exponent of −0.68 at room temperature and of −1.00 at 90 °C. We also report the elastic and shear moduli as a function of crystallographic orientation gleaned from experiments and first-principles calculations, which show a high level of anisotropy up to the melting point, where the elastic and shear moduli vary by a factor of ∼4 between the stiffest and most compliant orientations. The emergence of such high strengths in small-scale Li and sensitivity of this metal’s stiffness to crystallographic orientation help explain why the existing methods of dendrite suppression have been mainly unsuccessful and have significant implications for practical design of future-generation batteries.
The multiphase fluid flow under the influence of electro-magnetohydrodynamics (EHD) is investigated in this study. The base fluid contains hafnium particles. Two illustrative models namely fluid ...phase and particulate phase are considered for three different geometries having great importance in both industrial and mechanical usage. The impact of pertinent parameters from different aspects is illustrated graphically with requisite discussion keeping in view their physical aspects. The stream lines are also erected to highlight their physical importance regarding the flow patterns. In addition, the paper is terminated by making a comparison with the existing literature as a limiting case of considered problem to confirm the validations of achieved results and hence found in excellent agreement. This model can be used to design and engineer for nozzle or diffuser type of injectors in the latest models of automobiles to improve their performance and reduce the consumption of fuel.
This research presents a novel conformable-Caputo fractional non-polynomial spline method for solving the time-fractional Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. Emphasizing numerical analysis and ...algorithm development, the method offers enhanced precision and modeling capabilities. Evaluation via the Von Neumann method demonstrates unconditional stability within defined parameters. Comparative analysis, supported by contour and 2D/3D graphs, validates the method's accuracy and efficiency against existing approaches. Quantitative assessment using L.sub.2 and L.sub.infinity error norms confirms its superiority. In conclusion, the study proposes a robust solution for the time-fractional KdV equation.
Dendrite-free electrodeposition of lithium metal is necessary for the adoption of high energy-density rechargeable lithium metal batteries. Here, we demonstrate a mechanism of using a liquid ...crystalline electrolyte to suppress dendrite growth with a lithium metal anode. A nematic liquid crystalline electrolyte modifies the kinetics of electrodeposition by introducing additional overpotential due to its bulk-distortion and anchoring free energy. By extending the phase-field model, we simulate the morphological evolution of the metal anode and explore the role of bulk-distortion and anchoring strengths on the electrodeposition process. We find that adsorption energy of liquid crystalline molecules on a lithium surface can be a good descriptor for the anchoring energy and obtain it using first-principles density functional theory calculations. Unlike other extrinsic mechanisms, we find that liquid crystals with high anchoring strengths can ensure smooth electrodeposition of lithium metal, thus paving the way for practical applications in rechargeable batteries based on metal anodes.
In this article, an investigation has been performed to explore the two-dimensional boundary layer flow problem and heat transfer characteristic of ferromagnetic viscoelastic fluid flow over a ...stretching surface with a linear velocity under the impact of magnetic dipole and suction. The governing PDEs are converted into a system of nonlinear ODEs by applying appropriate similarity approach. The modelled equations are then solved numerically by utilizing efficient Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg procedure based on shooting algorithm. Influence of pertinent flow parameter involved, such as ferromagnetic interaction parameter, suction parameter, viscoelastic parameter, Prandtl number on dimensionless velocity, temperature, skin friction, and Nusselt inside the boundary layer, are portrayed graphically and discussed. The results show that pressure profile and skin friction coefficient increase with the variation of ferromagnetic interaction parameter and opposite behaviour is noted for local Nusselt number.
This article deals with steady-state laminar, electrically conducting immiscible fluids. The Newtonian fluid considered passes between two parallel vertical plates in a porous medium. The channel ...consists of two regions, one of them filled with engine-oil-based carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and the second region filled with water through a porous medium. The assumptions for the channel walls are electrically non-conducting and are at two different temperatures. Mathematical formulation is formed using rules for the conservation of mass, momentum and energy in both regions. Continuous conditions are used for velocity, temperature and also for shear pressure at the crossing area. The governing equations are first transformed in a non-dimensional form by using appropriate transformations, and then the subsequent differential equations are solved using a topological approach by means of the homotopy analysis method. It is found that the impact of the actual boundaries utilized in the issue is directed, and the outcomes are introduced graphically and discussed. It is noted that the engine-oil SWCNTs experience a significant increase in temperature profiles as compared to the engine-oil MWCNTs, while the movement of fluid slowdown in the nanofluid region due to the concentration of nanoparticles and the thickness of the thermal boundary layer increases by increasing the volume fraction of the carbon nanotubes.
•Dentin conditioned with Er,Cr:YSGG bonded to bioactive material (BARM) showed comparable bond to conventional bonding.•The bond sterength among groups ECL+BARM, ECL+Ketac+BARM and etch-rinse +BARM ...were found to be comparable.•The lowest bond strength of bioactive material was shown by self-etch conditioning regime.
The aim of this in-vitro study is to investigate the shear bond strength (SBS) of Bioactive bulk fill restorative material (BARM) (Activa) by surface pre-treatment using Er,Cr:YSGG (ECL) on dentin in comparison to conventional dentin conditioning techniques.
Sixty extracted non-carious, non-fractured, restoration free human molars were collected and mounted vertically in acrylic resin. The buccal surface of all molars were ground and polished with abrasive paper. The specimens were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 15) according to the type of surface treatment. Group 1 ECL + BARM, Group 2 ECL + Ketac + BARM, Group 3 Conventional Etch and Rinse + BARM, Group 4 Self-etch + BARM. The specimens from each group were positioned in a universal testing machine for SBS testing. Ten samples from each group were assessed for modes of failure. Means and standard deviations were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of p < 0.05.
BARM bonded to dentin surface etched with conventional etch and rinse technique (group 3) exhibited SBS value of 18.45 ± 1.34. Similarly, the lowest bond strength was observed by group 4 (self-etch regime) bonded to BARM (16.09 ± 0.81). The bond strength among groups 1 (ECL + BARM), 2 (ECL + Ketac + BARM) and 3 (etch and rinse + BARM) were found to be comparable (p > 0.05).
Conditioning of dentin with photobiomodulation for the adhesive bonding of BARM showed comparable bond strength outcomes to conventional conditioning techniques.
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