The present work aimed to treat cheese whey with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and to optimize the process parameters (amount of MNPs and pH) using response surface methodology (RSM). The N (%), N ...removal (%), chemical oxygen demand (COD), COD removal (%), NO
2
(%) and NO
2
removal (%) were evaluated based on these parameters. Results of the statistical analysis showed that the lack of fit was significant (
P
< 0.05) and the model was found to be inapplicable to the chosen data for NO
2
and NO
2
removal (%). On the other hand, the optimum conditions for N (%) and N removal (%) were found to be pH 8.0 and 15 mL of MNPs. Additionally, the optimal conditions were established as pH 7.74 and 15 mL of MNPs for COD and COD removal (%). This is the first study for the optimization of whey treatment using MNPs, and it aims to be used by medium and small-scale facilities to reduce the environmental impact of whey.
Sound level and noise control are important as a requirement of the therapeutic environment in psychiatric hospitals. Noise control is one of the most challenging areas to deal with for mental health ...professionals because noise can destroy the therapeutic atmosphere and there are also adverse effects of noise in the therapeutic environment for patients. The sound level should be in accordance with the values recommended by the World Health Organization in the psychiatric clinics and psychiatric hospitals. In addition, Noise control for therapeutic purposes should also be provided. This review aims to give information to explain hospital sound level parameters, the concept of noise control in terms of therapeutic environment and development of measures to provide noise control.
On October 30th of 2020, 14:51 (GMT+3:00), Izmir city was hit by an earthquake of Mw = 7.0 magnitude (according to USGS). A rupture of 30–40 km of a west-east normal fault, which is roughly 12 km ...north to Samos Island caused significant damage, particularly in Izmir (Bornova plain). This study aims to present the preliminary field investigations, evaluation of structural damage as well as the possible geotechnical phenomenon affecting the damage that occurred. In this context, an extensive analysis of spectral characteristics of the earthquake and local site effects is presented. Field investigations reveal that there is a significant amplification of the rock acceleration along with a basin effect in the region, which results in a wider constant acceleration region. In addition, analysis of earthquake records shows a remarkable level of soil nonlinearity. Considering all these aspects, a detailed assessment of structural damage observed in Izmir Bayrakli District is presented. It is evident that, structures of poor construction details behaved as if they were affected by a near field earthquake. The structures to be constructed in alluvial zones such as Manavkuyu neighborhood should be designed considering the effects of soil amplification including basin effects and soil nonlinearity. To fulfill this aim, comparative results of 1D/2D/3D ground response analyses should be performed, for revising current earthquake codes.
Günümüzde yaygın kullanım alanı olan tek istasyon mikrotremor yöntemi veri toplama kolaylığının yanı sıra verdiği sonuçların zenginliği açısından da etkili bir yöntemdir. Bu çalışmada 112 noktada ...toplanan tek istasyon mikrotremor verisi ile çalışma alanında meydana gelebilecek bir senaryo depremi parametrelerinin ortak değerlendirilmesi sonucunda çalışma alanına ait dinamik büyütme faktörü (DBF) dağılımları elde edilmiştir. Çalışma alanına ait zemin hâkim titreşim periyodu, dinamik büyütme faktörü, jeoloji ve topografya verilerinin çalışma alanındaki dağılımlarının aralarındaki uyumu incelenmiştir. Alüvyon birimin bulunduğu deniz seviyesine yakın bölgelerde genellikle 2 veya 2’den daha büyük dinamik büyütme faktörü değerleri elde edilmiştir. Volkanik kayaçlardan oluşan ve yüksek kotlarda yer alan bölgelerde ise 2 değerinden daha düşük dinamik büyütme faktörü değerleri elde edilmiştir. Araştırma alanında görülen en küçük büyütme değeri 1,20 iken maksimum büyütme değerleri 3 civarındandır. Dinamik büyütme faktörü kaynağından gelen depremin zemin tarafından ne kadar büyütüleceğinin bir oranı olarak da tanımlanabilir ayrıca DBF değeri tek bir pik değeri değil tüm spektrumu temsil eden bir parametredir. Bu veriler sonucunda yüksek dinamik büyütme faktörü ve zemin hâkim titreşim periyodu (ZHTP) değerine sahip olan zeminlerin yapılaşma açısından daha tehlikeli olduğu göz ardı edilmeden bina tasarımlarının yapılması gerekmektedir.
Soil-bedrock models are used as a base when the earthquake-soil common behaviour is defined. Moreover, the medium which is defined as bedrock is classified as engineering and seismic bedrock in ...itself. In these descriptions, S-wave velocity is (Vs) used as a base. The mediums are called soil where the Vs is <760m/s, the bigger ones are called bedrock as well. Additionally, the parts are called engineering bedrock where the Vs is between 3000m/s and 760m/s, the parts where are bigger than 3000m/s called seismic bedrock. The interfacial's horizontal topography where is between engineering and seismic bedrock is effective on earthquake's effect changing on the soil surface. That's why, 2D soil-bedrock models must be used to estimate the earthquake effect that could occur on the soil surface. In this research, surface wave methods and microgravity method were used for occuring the 2D soil-bedrock models in the east of İzmir bay. In the first stage, velocity values were obtained by the studies using surface wave methods. Then, density values were calculated from these velocity values by the help of the empiric relations. 2D soil-bedrock models were occurred based upon both Vs and changing of density by using these density values in microgravity model. When evaluating the models, it was determined that the soil is 300–400m thickness and composed of more than one layers in parts where are especially closer to the bay. Moreover, it was observed that the soil thickness changes in the direction of N-S. In the study area, geologically, it should be thought the engineering bedrock is composed of Bornova melange and seismic bedrock unit is composed of Menderes massif. Also, according to the geophysical results, Neogene limestone and andesite units at between 200 and 400m depth show that engineering bedrock characteristic.
•Surface wave, microgravity data were collected for the 2D soil-bedrock models.•Velocity values were obtained by using surface wave methods.•Density values were calculated from velocity values by using the empirical relations.•2D soil bedrock models were created by using Bouguer gravity anomaly map.•Soil thickness is determined between 300 and 400m especially close by İzmir bay.
Structural damage which occurs during earthquakes is related to both the soil dynamic behavior attributes and soil response spectrums. Therefore, soil characterization based of S-wave velocity (Vs) ...is one of the prime factors to estimate damage and hazards. In this study, multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and refraction microtremor (ReMi) methods have been applied to estimate Vs values of the area located east of Izmir Bay. Based on the estimated Vs values, two- and three-dimensional shear-wave velocity and the maximum shear modulus maps at various depths down to 50 m were prepared. To study the relationship between the predominant period of the soil and shear-wave velocity values, a horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) spectral ratio method using Nakamura’s technique has been applied. Groundwater level, standard penetration test (SPT-N30) and Poisson ratio values were also obtained from previous geotechnical borehole data in the study area. In addition, we calculated building periods using the empirical relationship between height (or number of floors) of buildings and predominant period of the buildings to examine soil-structure resonance. According to the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP; 1997) soil classification, the study site consists of B-, C- and F-type soils. Risk maps were created using dynamic properties of the soil.
Due to the unique soil and morphological conditions prevailing in Izmir Bay basin, structural damage has been governed by site effects. Consistently, during October 30, 2020 M7.0 Samos Earthquake, ...which took place offshore of Samos Island, structural damage and life losses were observed to be concentrated in Bayrakli region of Izmir Bay, despite the fact that the fault rupture was at a distance of 65–75 km from the city of Izmir. Additionally, strong ground motions recorded in Izmir Bay showed unique site amplifications that were observed surprisingly at both rock and soil sites. Soil amplifications and duration elongations were mostly due to site effects governed by the response of very deep alluvial deposits of low plasticity. Similarly, due to very extensive faulting-induced fracturing and unusually stratified nature of rock sub-layers, unexpected long period amplifications were also observed at rock sites. These earthquake and site resonance effects were more pronounced in the period range of 0.5–1.5 s. When they were superposed with relatively coinciding natural period of 7–9 story residential buildings of Izmir City, it was concluded that the triple resonance effects among incoming rock ground motions, soil deposits, and the damaged buildings, amplified and prolonged the overall system response. Within the confines of this manuscript, the governing role of site effects leading to increased seismic demand was assessed, through a series of 1D equivalent linear, total stress-based site response assessments, the results of which clearly highlighted the variation of seismic demand in Izmir Bay.
•Samos Island earthquake produced rich long period rock spectral accelerations.•Deep soil sites in Izmir Bay, amplified these long period rich rock motions.•Due to resonance effects, 7-9 story buildings were subjected to larger shakings.•Site effects increased seismic demand and prolonged shaking duration.•These, along with poor design-construction practices caused structural damage.
An earthquake record is needed on engineering bedrock to perform soil deformation analysis. This record could be obtained in different ways (seismographs on engineering bedrock; by the help of the ...soil transfer function; scenario earthquakes). S-wave velocity (
V
s
) profile must be known at least till engineering bedrock for calculating soil transfer functions true and completely. In addition, 2D or 3D soil, engineering–seismic bedrock models are needed for soil response analyses to be carried out. These models are used to determine changes in the amplitude and frequency content of earthquake waves depending on the seismic impedance from seismic bedrock to the ground surface and the basin effects. In this context, it is important to use multiple in situ geophysical techniques to create the soil–bedrock models. In this study, 2D and 3D soil–bedrock models of Bornova plain and its surroundings (Western Turkey), which are very risky in terms of seismicity, were obtained by combined survey of surface wave and microgravity methods. Results of the study show that the engineering bedrock depths in the middle part of Bornova plain range from 200 to 400 m and the southern and northern parts which are covered limestone and andesite show the engineering bedrock (
V
s
> 760 m/s) feature. In addition, seismic bedrock (
V
s
< 3000 m/s) depth changes from 550 to 1350 m. The predominant period values obtained from single station microtremor method change from 0.45 to 1.6 s while they are higher than 1 s in the middle part of Bornova plain where the basin is deeper. Bornova Plain has a very thick sediment units which have very low
V
s
values above engineering bedrock. In addition, it is observed sudden changes at the interfaces of the layer in horizontal and vertical directions.
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