Information networks are becoming increasingly popular to capture complex relationships across various disciplines, such as social networks, citation networks, and biological networks. The primary ...challenge in this domain is measuring similarity or distance between networks based on topology. However, classical graph-theoretic measures are usually local and mainly based on differences between either node or edge measurements or correlations without considering the topology of networks such as the connected components or holes. In recent years, mathematical tools and deep learning based methods have become popular to extract the topological features of networks. Persistent homology (PH) is a mathematical tool in computational topology that measures the topological features of data that persist across multiple scales with applications ranging from biological networks to social networks.
In this paper, we provide a conceptual review of key advancements in this area of using PH on complex network science. We give a brief mathematical background on PH, review different methods (i.e. filtrations) to define PH on networks and highlight different algorithms and applications where PH is used in solving network mining problems. In doing so, we develop a unified framework to describe these recent approaches and emphasize major conceptual distinctions. We conclude with directions for future work. We focus our review on recent approaches that get significant attention in the mathematics and data mining communities working on network data. We believe our summary of the analysis of PH on networks will provide important insights to researchers in applied network science.
In this study, the effect of steam explosion (SE) treatment on microstructure, enzymatic hydrolysis and baking quality of wheat bran was investigated. Coarse and fine bran were treated at different ...steam temperatures (120–160 °C) and residence times (5 or 10 min) and then hydrolysed with carbohydrase enzymes. The SE treatment increased water extractable arabinoxylan (WEAX) content from 0.75 to 2.06% and reducing sugars from 0.92 to 2.41% for fine bran. The effect was more pronounced with increased SE temperature and residence time. The highest carbohydrate solubilisation was observed in fine bran at SE treatment of 160 °C, 5 min. WEAX content increased to 3.13% when this bran was incubated without enzyme, while WEAX content increased to 9.14% with enzyme addition. Microscopic analysis indicated that cell wall structure of wheat bran was disrupted by severe SE conditions. Supplementation of SE treated (150 °C, 10 min) bran at 20% replacement level decreased the baking quality of bread. However SE followed by enzymatic hydrolysis increased specific volume and decreased crumb hardness (on the day of baking and after three days of storage). Phytic acid content of bread supplemented with SE treated bran was lower than the one supplemented with untreated bran.
•Effects of steam explosion & enzymes on carbohydrate solubility of bran was studied.•High steam temperature and long residence time increased carbohydrate solubility.•Steam explosion followed by enzyme treatment improved bread quality.•Steam explosion followed by enzyme treatment increased fibre solubility in breads.•Steam explosion decreased the phytic acid contents of breads.
In this paper, we study the graph classification problem in vertex-labeled graphs. Our main goal is to classify graphs by comparing their higher-order structures thanks to heat diffusion on their ...simplices. We first represent vertex-labeled graphs as simplex-weighted super-graphs. We then define the diffusion Fréchet function over their simplices to encode the higher-order network topology and finally reach our goal by combining the function values with machine learning algorithms. Our experiments on real-world bioinformatics networks show that using diffusion Fréchet function on simplices is promising in graph classification and more effective than the baseline methods. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in the literature using heat diffusion on higher-dimensional simplices in a graph mining problem. We believe that our method can be extended to different graph mining domains, beyond the graph classification problem.
Studies on urban quality of life (QoL) have been attracting lots of attention from various countries due to the deterioration of urban environment and decrease of the urban QoL. These studies that ...have been supported by international organizations such as United Nations, World Bank, OECD, European Commission and EUROSTAT (European Statistics) involve comparative assessment of life satisfaction in the European cities and comparing cities facilitate the exchange of experiment and improve the quality of local policies. The main objective of this study is to measure the local perceptions of QoL in Kocaeli, which is one of the important industrial cities of Turkey and compare the life satisfaction with the European cities. Generally, two different types of indicators have been used: objective and subjective indicators. The objective indicators cover five fields: socio-economic aspects, participation in civic life, education and training, environment and culture, and leisure. The subjective indicators are mainly for valuation of QoL perceptions in a city. In this research, a perception survey will be carried out to measure the local perceptions of QoL in Kocaeli. This survey will present on issues for which the residents in the Kocaeli had widely diverging opinions: employment opportunities, housing costs, safety, cleanliness of city, public transport, air quality and overall satisfaction with the QoL of their city. Thus, the study will become a major reference for local officials to improve QoL in Kocaeli and contribute to researches on QoL in cities.
The antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin LL-37/hCAP-18 and human β-defensins (hBD) are key factors in innate immune responses of the respiratory tract.
To determine LL-37 and hBD-2 concentrations in ...the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of paediatric patients (aged <16 years) with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and to compare these with concentrations in healthy children.
We measured peptide concentrations using an immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Forty TB patients and 40 healthy controls were enrolled in the study (mean age 9.2 ± 4.7 and 8.3 ± 4.2 years, respectively, P = 0.97). The two groups exhibited no statistically significant difference in terms of sex, body mass index, relative weight or 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. The mean BAL LL-37 level of the TB group was significantly higher than that of the control group (0.95 ± standard deviation SD 1.33 vs. 0.35 ± SD 0.51 ng/ml, P = 0.01, t = 2.54). The hBD-2 level was also higher in the TB group; however, the difference was not statistically significant (0.30 ± SD 0.58 vs. 0.14 ± SD 0.30 ng/ml, P = 0.11). There was no correlation between LL-37, hBD-2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that LL-37 and hBD-2 may play an important role in TB pathogenesis in children. To our knowledge, this is the first study on BAL LL-37 and hBD-2 concentrations in children with pulmonary TB.
Abstract Malachite ore is one of the most important of oxidized copper ores. Copper production can be performed by using this ore. In this work, the leaching kinetics of malachite in ammonium sulfate ...solutions was investigated, and metallic copper was recovered by a cementation method from the resulting actual leach solution. Copper (II) oxide was prepared by an isothermal oxidation method from the cement copper. In the leaching experiments, the effects of reaction temperature, particle size, and stirring speed on copper leaching from malachite ore were studied. In the cementation experiments, metallic zinc was used as the reductant metal to recover the copper from the solution. Thermal oxidation of cement copper was performed under isothermal conditions. It was found that the leaching rate increased with increasing stirring speed and temperature, and decreased with particle size. It was observed that the leaching reaction fit to diffusion through the product layer. The activation energy of the leaching process was determined to be 25.4 kJ/mol. It was determined that the copper content of the metallic product obtained by the cementation method increased up to 96%. It was found that copper oxide prepared from cement copper had a tenorite structure.
Application of the belief propagation (BP) algorithm is proposed for pilot-assisted reception of Gaussian distributed symbols over unknown inter-symbol interference channels whose parameters are also ...Gaussian distributed. The proposed Bayesian network graph for the demodulator includes the channel parameters as explicit nodes, allowing the combined estimation of the channel and information bearing symbols with the aid of pilot symbols. Since direct application of BP is not tractable for this model, the algorithm is obtained by introducing approximations of the message distributions appropriately. The proposed algorithm is parallel in nature, is suitable for sparse channels, and can be easily extended to coded systems for joint demodulation and decoding. The numerical results show near-optimal performance in the minimum mean squared error sense for a small example, and a performance better than that of iterative semi-blind equalization with batch matrix-based estimators for the general case.
This paper considers the problem of joint detection in the uplink of cellular multiaccess networks with base-station cooperation. Distributed multiuser detection algorithms with local message passing ...among neighbor base stations are proposed and compared in terms of computational complexity required in the base stations, the amount of serial communications among them, error rate performance, and convergence speed. The algorithms based on the belief propagation algorithm result in complexity and delay per base station which do not grow as the network size increases. In addition, it is observed that these algorithms have near single-user error rate performance for the fading channels considered. Thus it is illustrated that using the belief propagation algorithm, it is possible to have full frequency re-use and achieve near-optimal performance with moderate computational complexity and a limited amount of message passing between base stations of adjacent cells.
The present study focused on dyeing, fastness, cytotoxic properties, and phenolic constituents of various types of fabrics including viscose, cotton, wool, and polyester-viscose blended fabrics with ...different parts of Anthemis tinctoria var. tinctoria. Comparative study was carried out between ethanol and aqueous extracts of stem, flower, and root of the plant in terms of phenolic constituents, cytotoxic activity, and dyeing properties. It was found that the quantity of phenolic constituents of ethanol and aqueous extracts was quite different. All parts of the plant extract show 0% cytotoxicity except ethanol extract of the root. All the extracts exhibit better cytotoxic activity than the standard cancer drug 5-Florouracil. Ethanol and water extracts of A. tinctoria var. tinctoria plant were used to dye fabrics, but only the water extract displayed dyeing properties. Best color strength value (K/S = 9.19) was obtained with aqueous extract of the stem in the presence of alum mordant for cotton fabrics.
World is endowed with a rich wealth of medicinal plants. There is a widespread belief that green medicines are healthier and more harmless or safer than synthetic ones. Medicinal plants have been ...used to cure a number of diseases. The ancient plant Lawsonia inermis or henna is used as medicinal plant because of its attributed strong fungicidal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, virucidal, antiparasitic, antiamoebiasis, astringent, antihemorrhagic, hypotensive, sedative, anticancer effect and possible anti-sweating properties. In this study, we investigated antifungal activity of L. inermis against clinical dermatophytes species. This study was carried out using 70 clinical isolates of dermatophytes representing six different species; 44 Trichophyton rubrum, 8 Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 6 Microsporum canis, 6 Trichophyton tonsurans, 4 Epidermophyton floccosum, and 2 Trichophyton violaceum. The antifungal activity of L. inermis (henna) was determined by agar diffusion method and henna was used as paste form. Henna paste showed the high antifungal activity against all dermatophytes species (20 to 50mm inhibition zone).
Le monde dispose d’un riche patrimoine de plantes médicinales. Une majorité des gens croient bien que la plante médicinale est plus saine, plus inoffensive et plus sûre que les médicaments de synthèse. Cette dernière est utilisée pour le traitement d’un certain nombre de maladies. L’ancienne plante Lawsonia inermis ou henné est utilisé comme une plante médicinale parce qu’elle est créditée d’un fort pouvoir fongicide, anti-inflammatoire, antalgique, antibiotique bactéricide, parasiticide, antiamibien, astringent antihémorragique et des effets de sédation, d’hypotension et d’anticancer ainsi que de propriétés possibles anti-transpiration. Dans cette étude, nous avons étudié l’activité antifongique de L. inermis contre des espèces de dermatophytes cliniques. Cette étude a été réalisée en utilisant 70 dermatophytes cliniques représentant six espèces différentes à savoir 44 Trichophyton rubrum, 8 Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 6 Microsporum canis, 6 Trichophyton tonsurans, 4 Epidermophyton floccosum, et 2 Trichophyton violaceum. L’activité antifongique de L. inermis (henné) a été déterminée par la méthode de diffusion en gélose et le henné a été utilisé sous forme de pâte. Celle-ci a montré l’activité antifongique la plus élevée contre toutes les espèces de dermatophytes (zone d’inhibition de 20 et 50mm).
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