This study describes preparing and characterizing chitosan/polyethylene oxide (Cs/PEO) nanocomposite films incorporated with different zirconia nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) weight percentages. The study ...involved the preparation of nanocomposite films using the casting technique, followed by a detailed analysis of their structural, optical, and dielectric properties. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic measurements confirmed the interaction between Cs/PEO and ZrO2 NPs through hydrogen bonding between the polymeric chain and nanoparticles. The XRD analysis also indicated that the amorphosity of Cs/PEO matrices increased with the addition of ZrO2 NPs. The optical characteristics of the nanocomposite films, including absorption edge, band gap, refractive index, optical dielectric modulus (ε′ and ε′′), and optical conductivity (σ), were studied in detail. The results showed that adding ZrO2 NPs led to the creation of localized states in Cs/PEO and ZrO2 NPs, and the energy band gap reduced from 5.5 to 4.8 eV and from 4.4 to 2.7 eV, respectively. The dielectric measurements were performed, and it was found that both ε′ and ε′′ values were increased as the ZrO2 NPs content decreased and the frequency increased for the nanocomposite films. Additionally, the electrical conductivity was increased by adding ZrO2 NPs due to the presence of mobile charge carriers. Measurements of the real and imaginary dielectric modulus revealed that adding ZrO2 NPs improved both parameters. These findings indicate that the Cs/PEO- ZrO2 NPs nanocomposite films exhibit strong potential for use in optoelectronic devices, owing to their enhanced optical and electrical properties.
•Cs/PEO nanocomposites were prepared with different amounts of ZrO2 nanoparticles.•Spectroscopic analyses confirmed the interaction between Cs/PEO and ZrO2.•The optical properties were investigated in detail.•The dielectric constant and loss values increased with decreasing ZrO2 content.•These films are suitable for use in optoelectronic devices.
Our research introduces a novel ternary nanocomposite consisting of polyethyl methacrylate/polyvinyl chloride-Zinc sulphide nanoparticles (PEMA/PVC@ZnS). Zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanoparticles were ...produced via a chemical method and then dispersed at different concentrations (0.02, 0.05, 0.08, and 0.1 wt%) in a single step within the PEMA/PVC blend. The resulting PEMA/PVC@ZnS nanocomposite films were analyzed to investigate their spectroscopic and electrical properties. The dielectric parameters of the samples were also studied in detail. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data indicated an increase in the amorphous region and demonstrated the interaction between ZnS and PEMA/PVC. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) results confirmed the specific interactions in PEMA/PVC@ZnS nanocomposites. The synthesized films showed a distinct absorption band at 432 nm, which was attributed to the ZnS surface plasmon resonance. As the concentration of ZnS in PEMA/PVC increased, the band gap energies decreased for both direct and forbidden transitions. Optical parameters such as the extinction coefficient (k), refractive index (n), dielectric constants (ε′ and ε''), optical conductivity (σ(opt.), and photoluminescence (PL) were also studied. The values of dielectric permittivity and dielectric modulus from AC measurement of PEMA/PVC@ZnS nanocomposite films increased with increasing ZnS content. The data suggest that PEMA/PVC@ZnS nanocomposite films exhibit excellent optical and electronic properties, making them suitable for use in various electric and optoelectric applications.
In this work, we attempt to find an anisotropic solution for a compact star generated by gravitational decoupling in
f
(
Q
)-gravity theory having a null complexity factor. To do this, we initially ...derive the complexity factor condition in
f
(
Q
) gravity theory using the definition given by Herrera (Phys Rev D 97:044010, 2018) and then derived a bridge equation between gravitational potentials by assuming complexity factor to be zero (Contreras and Stuchlik in Eur Phys J C 82:706, 2022). Next, we obtain two systems of equations using the complete geometric deformation (CGD) approach. The first system of equations is assumed to be an isotropic system in
f
(
Q
)-gravity whose isotropic condition is similar to GR while the second system is dependent on deformation functions. The solution of the first system is obtained by Buchdahl’s spacetime geometry while the governing equations for the second system are solved through the mimic constraint approach along with vanishing complexity condition. The novelty of our work is to generalize the perfect fluid solution into an anisotropic domain in
f
(
Q
)-gravity theory with zero complexity for the first time. We present the solution’s analysis to test its physical viability. We exhibit that the existence of pressure anisotropy due to gravitational within the self-gravitating bounded object plays a vital role to stabilize the
f
(
Q
) gravity system. In addition, we show that the constant involved in the solution controls the direction of energy flow between the perfect fluid and generic fluid matter distributions.
A physically reasonable anisotropic stellar model is constructed with the help of the gravitational decoupling via complete geometric deformation (CGD) technique under the condition of vanishing ...complexity factor Contreras and Stuchlik in Eur Phys J C 82:706 2022; Herrera, in Phys Rev D 97:044010, 2018. The source splits into a perfect fluid and an anisotropic distribution. The Finch Skea metric proves a useful seed solution to solve the Einstein sector while the condition of vanishing complexity is invoked to solve the remaining anisotropic system of equations. A comprehensive battery of tests for physical significance is imposed on the model. Through a careful choice of parameter space, it is demonstrated that the model is regular, stable, and contains a surface of vanishing pressure establishing its boundary. Matching with the exterior metric is also achieved. Finally, the energy flows between the two sectors of the source fluid are studied graphically.
In this work, we study the role of the vanishing complexity factor in generating self-gravitating compact objects under gravitational decoupling technique in
f
(
Q
)-gravity theory. To tackle the ...problem, the gravitationally decoupled action for modified
f
(
Q
) gravity has been adopted in the form
S
=
S
Q
+
S
θ
∗
, where
S
Q
denotes the Lagrangian density of the fields which appears in the
f
(
Q
) theory while
S
θ
∗
(
=
α
S
θ
, where
α
is just a coupling parameter which controls the deformation) describes the Lagrangian density for a new kind of gravitational sector which has not been included in
f
(
Q
) gravity. After that, we developed an important relation between gravitational potentials via a systematic approach (Contreras and Stuchlik in Eur Phys J C 82:706, 2022) using the vanishing complexity factor condition in the context of
f
(
Q
) theory. We have used the Buchdahl model along with the mimic-to-density constraints approach for generating the complexity-free anisotropic solution. The qualitative physical analysis has been done along with the mass-radius relation for different compact objects via
M
-
R
curves to validate our solution. It is noticed that the coupling constant
β
1
has a definite impact on constraining the mass and radii of the object that are shown in
M
-
R
curves. The obtained results show that the compactness of the objects can be controlled by the coupling parameters.
Regenerative medicine is a field that aims to influence and improvise the processes of tissue repair and restoration and to assist the body to heal and recover. In the field of hard tissue ...regeneration, bio-inert materials are being predominantly used, and there is a necessity to use bioactive materials that can help in better tissue-implant interactions and facilitate the healing and regeneration process. One such bioactive material that is being focused upon and studied extensively in the past few decades is bioactive glass (BG). The original bioactive glass (45S5) is composed of silicon dioxide, sodium dioxide, calcium oxide, and phosphorus pentoxide and is mainly referred to by its commercial name Bioglass. BG is mainly used for bone tissue regeneration due to its osteoconductivity and osteostimulation properties. The bioactivity of BG, however, is highly dependent on the compositional ratio of certain glass-forming system content. The manipulation of content ratio and the element compositional flexibility of BG-forming network developed other types of bioactive glasses with controllable chemical durability and chemical affinity with bone and bioactivity. This review article mainly discusses the basic information about silica-based bioactive glasses, including their composition, processing, and properties, as well as their medical applications such as in bone regeneration, as bone grafts, and as dental implant coatings.
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are an environmentally friendly technology and a source of renewable energy. It is used to generate electrical energy from organic waste using bacteria, which is an ...effective technology in wastewater treatment. The anode and the cathode electrodes and proton exchange membranes (PEM) are important components affecting the performance and operation of MFC. Conventional materials used in the manufacture of electrodes and membranes are insufficient to improve the efficiency of MFC. The use of nanomaterials in the manufacture of the anode had a prominent effect in improving the performance in terms of increasing the surface area, increasing the transfer of electrons from the anode to the cathode, biocompatibility, and biofilm formation and improving the oxidation reactions of organic waste using bacteria. The use of nanomaterials in the manufacture of the cathode also showed the improvement of cathode reactions or oxygen reduction reactions (ORR). The PEM has a prominent role in separating the anode and the cathode in the MFC, transferring protons from the anode chamber to the cathode chamber while preventing the transfer of oxygen. Nanomaterials have been used in the manufacture of membrane components, which led to improving the chemical and physical properties of the membranes and increasing the transfer rates of protons, thus improving the performance and efficiency of MFC in generating electrical energy and improving wastewater treatment.
Chemical effluent, particularly organic dyes, has become a major problem of our day because of its connection to carcinogenic health risks. Hence, rare earth element cerium (Ce) doped ...cobalt-magnesium ferrites were prepared with the formula Co0.7Mg0.3CexFe2-xO4 (labeled CMCF) by a combustion approach as an efficient nano-photocatalyst deliberated for disposal these pernicious dyes. The characterization tests for the CMCF nanoferrites were performed via XRD, STEM-EDS, and DR techniques. XRD results asserted the spinel single-phase formation for all the prepared CMCF ferrites. The lattice parameter and crystallite size of CMCF nanoferrites have abnormal behavior, which diminishes from 8.4077 to 8.3922 Å and 34.66 to 20.76 nm, respectively, despite the superseding process is a larger ion (Ce) instead of a smaller one (Fe). STEM images of the prepared nanoparticles are almost spherical crystallites with some agglomerations. The optical band gap of CMCF nanoparticles was tuned to be narrower by Ce3+ additions. Using the photocatalyst CMCF(x = 0.1), the MB's hue faded from blue to nearly colorless with an efficiency of 95.49 %, in 60 min. Three reasons why the CMCF(x = 0.1) photocatalyst gets the superior photocatalytic performance. Four steps were introduced to manifest the MB degradation mechanism utilizing the CMCF(x = 0.1) photocatalyst. The CMCF nanomaterials have significant prospects to be operated as promising photocatalysts for toxic MB disposal through wastewater treatment processes.
Research into protection techniques from harmful effects of gamma radiation have increased contemporarily. The development of radiation-resistant materials having a high radiation resistance and ...absorption of different types of ionizing radiation could offer promising solutions to this matter. For this purpose, the preparation and examination of a novel type of polymer doped with various WO3 concentrations are presented in this study. To accomplish our main objective, we evaluated the effectiveness of their radiation shielding against gamma radiation from 137Cs, 60Co, and 241Am. At all investigated energies, the measured and theoretical linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) values are highly similar, proving that the experimental LAC values can be used to reliably predict other radiation shielding characteristics. The half value layer (HVL) values decreased as the samples' WO3 level rises indicating that increasing the amount of WO3 in these samples increases their radiation shielding effectiveness. In addition, it was found a positive correlation between radiation energy and the mean free path (MFP) values. At 0.060 MeV, the MFP values are equal to 1.374 cm, 0.691 cm, 0.521 cm, and 0.369 cm at concentrations of 0, 10, 20, and 25% WO3, respectively reflecting that the MFP is reduced by 3.7 times due to the addition of 20% WO3 nanoparticles. From the transmission factor, it was found that improving the shielding ability of the proposed materials could be achieved by increasing and adjusting the thickness of the absorber depending on the required energy range used. It is noteworthy that the present studied samples (epoxy + waste marble + nano-WO3) that have exhibited a greater shielding ability than other nanoparticles added polymers like (Epoxy + nano-MgO30), and (silicone rubber + nano-WO330).
In this paper, we introduce an anisotropic model using a dark matter (DM) density profile in Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet (EGB) gravity using a gravitational decoupling method introduced by Ovalle (Phys Rev ...D 95:104019, 2017), which has provided an innovative approach for obtaining solutions to the EGB field equations for the spherically symmetric structure of stellar bodies. The Tolman and Finch–Skea (TFS) solutions of two metric potentials,
g
tt
and
g
rr
, have been used to construct the seed solution. Additionally, the presence of DM in DM halos distorts spacetime, causing perturbations in the
g
rr
metric potential, where the quantity of DM is determined by the decoupling parameter
β
. The physical validity of the solution, along with stability and equilibrium analysis, has also been performed. Along with stability and equilibrium analysis, the solution’s physical validity has also been examined. Additionally, we have shown how both constants affect the physical characteristics of the solution. Using a
M
-
R
diagram, it has been described how the DM component and the GB constant affect the maximum permissible masses and their corresponding radii for various compact objects. Our model predicts the masses beyond the
2
M
⊙
and maximum radii
11
.
92
-
0.01
+
0.02
and
12
.
83
-
0.02
+
0.01
for larger value of
α
under density order
10
15
g
/
cm
3
and
10
14
g
/
cm
3
, respectively, while the radii become
11
.
96
-
0.01
+
0.01
and
12
.
81
-
0.02
+
0.01
for larger value of
β
.
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