Despite the Government of Bangladesh's considerable efforts, utilization of antenatal care (ANC) services remains low among Bangladeshi women, notably those from rural areas. Therefore, this study ...aimed to assess the utilization and underlying factors affecting the utilization of ANC among women of reproductive age in rural Bangladesh.
We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study in three sub-districts of the Rangpur division, Bangladesh, from May 31, 2021, to June 9, 2021. A total of 1195 women with a live birth preceding the survey participated in the study. We used a multivariate logistic regression model to examine the association between all potential factors and the utilization of ANC4/4+ services. Multicollinearity and Hosmer-Lemeshow test was conducted to check the regression model's goodness fit test.
The rate of utilization of ANC4/4+ services by women in the three sub-districts of the Rangpur division was 71.7%. Women with more age, education, having more than five members in a family, and being involved in any income-generating activities were more likely to utilize ANC4/4+ in this study.
The study found an insufficiency in ANC4/4+ usage, which might lead to missed opportunities for women in rural Bangladesh to have improved maternal outcomes. Particular focus should be given to women's higher education and prioritizing women's autonomy in health seeking issues in the rural women to increase the utilization of ANC4/4+.
•71% of pregnant women in rural northern Bangladesh had at least four ANC visits.•Despite high rates of four ANC visits, initial ANC is mostly delayed.•Only 58.2% of the total ANC visits are assisted by skilled personnel.•Mother's education and employment status determine 4/4+ANC visits.
This paper looks at Rabindranath Tagore, the great Indian writer, as a polymath, a man crossing literary, artistic, intellectual, linguistic and civilizational borders of all kinds, and as someone ...whose imagination was always in flight. It sees him as someone who, time and again, kept trying his hand at all sorts of things, despite the difficulties he faced and the challenges ahead of him. He thus worked also as a reform-oriented educator and as someone committed to educational and agricultural ventures. The paper also notes the polymathic travails Tagore occasionally encountered and the indiscretions that sometimes resulted from his scanting of borders. It traces the main features of his polymathic voyaging from his youth to the final months of his life and stresses the growth and vitality of his imaginings.
Adequate good quality of sleep is essential for physical fitness during pregnancy as well as being a depressive symptoms-free mind. However, there is little evidence of the relationship between ...depressive symptoms and poor sleep quality among pregnant women in Bangladesh. This study aimed to find the association between depressive symptoms and poor sleep quality among pregnant women in northern rural Bangladesh.
A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out from May 2021 to June 2021 among 481 pregnant women tested positive in the pregnancy test of Jaldhaka and Dimla Upazila of Nilphamari district, Rangpur Division. Data were collected with a structured questionnaire including socio-demographic conditions, sleep quality, and depressive symptoms, comprising the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Patient Health Questionnaire- 9 (PHQ-9).
8.94% of the women had depressive symptoms, whereas 38.88% of the participants were bad sleepers. However, women who had depressive symptoms Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.55; 95% CI 1.33-4.9 and educational qualifications above 10 years AOR = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.39-0.92 were associated with poor sleep quality.
A higher percentage of pregnant women had poor sleep quality, whereas depressive symptoms and academic background of the participants were significantly associated with poor sleep quality. Ensuring adequate sleep time and better quality could be helpful to prevent depressive symptoms.
Breastfeeding requires additional diversified foods for the nutritional requirements of mothers and children, especially in preventing micronutrient deficiencies. The minimum dietary diversity for ...women (MDD-W) is a proxy indicator of micronutrient adequacy for women.
This study aimed to identify the determinants associated with MDD in lactating women.
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among lactating mothers having at least one live birth in last three years from two districts of Bangladesh between 31st May 2021 and 9th June 2021. Dietary and socio-demographic information was obtained using a single 24-h recall and socio-economic status questionnaires. MDD was defined as at least four food groups consumed in the last 24 hours. In binary logistic regression, adjusted models were used to assess the relationship between MDD and socio-economic factors.
The mean Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was 3.9 ± 1.2. The MDD was met by 29.7% of women. Respondent's ages 20–24 years Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3–0.9, 25–34 years AOR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3–0.8, and 35–49 years AOR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.2–0.9, husband's academic qualifications more than 12 years AOR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.0–3.7, family income more than 15000 BDT per month AOR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.2–4.3, and husband's profession as a day labor AOR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3–0.7 were significant factors to have MDD.
DDS and MDD were very poor among the mothers, whereas women's age, husband's education, and the family's monthly income were independent determinants of MDD. Special interventions may be needed to improve MDD.
Cellulose acetate (CA) was synthesized from knitted rag, a cellulosic waste of Textile and Garment industries, in the glacial acetic acid, and subsequently acetic anhydride (Ac
2
O) in presence of ...concentrated H
2
SO
4
reaction medium. A low to high substitution products were obtained from single step up to seven steps acetylation of cellulose. In this way, it was possible to produce low cost and different grades or substituted acetylation derivatives of cellulose. The synthesized CA was characterized and investigation of its physical characteristics was done. Solubility, acetyl content, acetic acid content, degree of substitution, and molecular weight of CA increased gradually with the increase of the number of reaction steps attaining optimum value at the fourth step. The acetyl and acetic acid content of CA were increased from 39.95 % to 44.25 %, and from 55.73 % to 61.73 % respectively. Similarly, degree of substitution and molecular weight of CA were increased from 2.47 to 2.94, and from 74,249 to 121,437 respectively.
From the time he pursued graduate studies at Harvard in the 1950s to his final years, Edward Said compulsively read and wrote about Joseph Conrad. As this essay explores, the affinities that drew ...Said to Conrad originated in the complex ways in which politics, geography, and history impacted on both men's lives as an exile. Strikingly similar in places while elsewhere notably divergent, Conrad's and Said's respective conceptual frameworks centred on a shared set of political and aesthetic problems. Said, it is argued, saw in Conrad the archetypal political exile and victim of dislocation, and mined his works, both fictional and critical, for exemplary depictions of the ravages wrought by imperial conquest and for his own highly influential views on the nature of exilic consciousnesses.
R. K. Narayan and the End of British India Alam, Fakrul
South Asian review (South Asian Literary Association),
12/1/2002, 2002-12-00, Letnik:
23, Številka:
1
Journal Article
