Lead (Pb) poisoning has been recognised as a clinical condition since ancient times. The anaemia frequently observed in Pb poisoning is thought to result from the shortening of erythrocytes, life ...span and inhibition of key enzymes of haem synthesis viz. delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), pyrimidine 5′-nucleotidase type 1 (P5N-1) and ferrochelatase. However, the exact mechanism by which Pb shortens erythrocyte life span is still debatable. In the present study, the effect of ingested Pb on erythrocyte membrane sialic acid content and osmotic fragility of New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits was studied. Indices of Pb exposure, RBC counts, haemoglobin concentration (Hb), haematocrit (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) of rabbits were investigated. Exposure to Pb significantly decreased (
p
< 0.05) RBC counts, Hb levels, MCV and MCH. Similarly, exposure to Pb significantly decreased erythrocyte sialic acid content and increased the erythrocyte osmotic fragility of Pb-treated animals. It is speculated that decreases in membrane sialic acid content due to subchronic low-level Pb exposure shortens red cell life span as observed by increases in osmotic fragility.
This study investigated the erythrocytic profile of rats experimentally infected with
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
and treated with a combination of methanolic leaf extract of
Azadirachta indica
and ...diminazene diaceturate (DDA). Acute toxicity study of the drug and extract combinations was carried; selection of the best drug and extract combinations was carried out using 54 rats of both sexes separated into nine groups. Three dose combinations were derived from the selection of the best drug and extract combinations used for the final study, viz: 7 mg/kg body weight (bw) DDA plus 125 mg/kg bw extract (group B), 3.5 mg/kg bw DDA plus 250 mg/kg bw extract (group C) and 1.8 mg/kg bw DDA plus 500 mg/kg bw extract (group D). The final study had, in addition to the three groups derived from the dose–response study, four other groups, viz: uninfected untreated negative control (group F), infected and treated with 3,000 mg/kg bw extract alone (group E), infected and treated with 7 mg/kg bw DDA alone (group A) and infected untreated positive control (group G). The parameters assessed were onset of parasitaemia (OP), level of parasitaemia (LOP), clearance of parasites posttreatment (COPPT), relapse of infection period (RIP), red blood cell counts (RBC) and packed cell volume (PCV). There was no significant difference (
p
< 0.05) in OP between the groups. A day following treatment, the LOP of groups A, B and C was found to be significantly lower (
p
< 0.05) than that of group D (
p
< 0.05) which in turn was lower (
p
< 0.05) than that of group E and G, respectively. The mean LOP of group E was significantly (
p
< 0.05) lower than group G (
p
< 0.05) 2 days posttreatment, and this trend continued throughout the experimental period. Mean COPPT of group D was significantly (
p
< 0.05) longer than that of groups A, C and B. There was no significant difference (
p
< 0.05) in the mean COPPT among groups B, C and A. The mean RIP of group D was significantly shorter (
p
< 0.05) than group C, and that of group C was significantly shorter (
p
< 0.05) than group A. There was no relapse of infection in group B rats. Group B rats had significantly higher (
p
< 0.05) PCV and RBC counts when compared to other infected groups. Group E rats had significantly higher (
p
< 0.05) PCV and RBC counts when compared to group G rats. It was concluded that dose combination of 125 mg/kg bw extract plus 7 mg/kg bw DDA led to significant enhancement of erythrocytic profile and potentiation of diminazene in its trypanocidal activity. This combination therapy proved to be better than single therapy of DDA.
This study investigated the leucocytic profile of rats experimentally infected with
T
rypanosoma brucei brucei
and treated with a combination of methanolic
Azadirachta indica
leaf extracts (MAILE) ...plus diminazene diaceturate (DDA). Acute toxicity study of the drug and extract combinations was carried. Selection of the best drug and extract combinations was carried out using 54 rats of both sexes separated into nine groups. Three dose combinations were derived from the selection of the best drug and extract combinations used for the final study viz, 7 mg/kg body weight (bw) DDA plus 125 mg/kg bw extract (group B), 3.5 mg/kg bw DDA plus 250 mg/kg bw extract (group C) and 1.8 mg/kg bw DDA plus 500 mg/kg bw extract (group D). The final study had in addition to the three groups derived from the dose–response study, four other groups viz, uninfected untreated negative control (group F), infected and treated with 3,000 mg/kg bw extract alone (group E), infected and treated with 7 mg/kg bw DDA alone (group A) and infected untreated positive control (group G). The parameters assessed were onset of parasitaemia (OP), level of parasitaemia (LOP), clearance of parasites post-treatment (COPPT), relapse infection period (RIP), total white blood cell counts (TWBC) and differential white blood cell counts. There was no significant difference (
p
< 0.05) in OP between the groups. A day following treatment, the LOP of groups A, B and C were found to be significantly lower (
p
< 0.05) than that of group D (
p
< 0.5), which in turn was lower (
p
< 0.05) than that of groups E and G, respectively. The mean LOP of group E was significantly (
p
< 0.05) lower than that of group G (
p
< 0.05) at 2 days post-treatment, and this trend continued throughout the experimental period. The mean COPPT of rats in group D was significantly (
p
< 0.05) longer than that of groups A, C and B. There was no significant difference (
p
< 0.05) in the mean COPPT among groups B, C and A. The mean RIP of group D was significantly shorter (
p
< 0.05) than that of group C, and that of group C was significantly shorter (
p
< 0.05) than that of group A. There was no relapse of infection in group B. Group B had significantly higher (
p
< 0.05) TWBC when compared with other infected groups. Group E had significantly higher (
p
< 0.05) TWBC values when compared with group G. The lymphocyte and neutrophil counts of group E were found to be significantly higher (
p
< 0.05) than that of group G all throughout the experimental period. It was concluded that the combination of 125 mg/kg bw MAILE plus 7 mg/kg bw DDA led to significant enhancement of leucocytic profile and that this combination therapy proved to be better than single therapy of DDA.
This study investigated the separate influence of selenium or tocopherol supplementation on the efficacy of diminazene aceturate in reversing the anemia caused by Trypanosoma brucei infection in ...rats. Changes in PCV, hemoglobin and RBC on day 7 post infection and days 7, 14 and 21 post treatment with diminazene aceturate at 7 mg/kg BW were evaluated. Hemoglobin concentration attained the highest level in the diminazene/tocopherol group by day 7 PT compared to the diminazene/selenium and diminazene groups. The mean PCV in the diminazene/tocopherol and diminazene/selenium groups were significantly higher than the PCV recorded in the diminazene group on day 7 PT. Hematological parameters (PCV, Hb and RBC) maintained upward trends in the diminazene and diminazene/selenium groups with the values of PCV, Hb and RBC becoming higher in the diminazene/selenium groups, but values declined in the diminazene/tocopherol groups by day 14 and 21 PT. The higher levels of hematological parameters in the antioxidant supplemented groups within the fast week showed that antioxidant supplementation led to the more rapid return of these parameters to normal. The results indicate that a trypanocide/antioxidant combination may have significant therapeutic application in trypanosomosis. Key words: diminazene, tocopherol, selenium, Trypanosoma brucei, rat, antioxidant, supplementation Istrazivanje je provedeno radi odredivanja zasebnoga ucinka selena ili tokoferola na ucinkovitost diminazen aceturata u oporavljanju od anemije uzrokovane vrstom Trypanosoma brucei u stakora. Promatrane so promjene u vrijednostima hematokrita, hemoglobina i crvenih krvnih stanica 7. dana nakon invazije to 7., 14. i 21. dana nakon lijecenja diminazenom u dozi od 7 mg/kg tjelesne mase. Koncentracija hemoglobina 7. dana nakon lijecenja dosegla je najvisu razinu u skupini stakora koja je dobivala diminazen/tokoferol u odnosu na skupnu koja je dobivala diminazen/selen ili skupnu koja je dobivala samo selen. Srednja vrijednost hematokrita u skupinama koje so dobivale diminazen/tokoferol i diminazen/selen bila je 7. dana nakon lijecenja znacajno veca nego u skuppne koja je dobivala samo diminazen. Hematoloski pokazatelji (hematokrit, hemoglobin i broj crvenih krvnih stanica) imah so pozitivan trend u skupinama koje so dobivale diminazen i diminazen/selen sa sve vecim vrijednostima u skupinama s diminazen/selenom, a manjim 14. i 21. dana nakon lijecenja u skupinama koje so dobivale diminazen/tokoferol. Bolje vrijednosti hematoloskih pokazatelja u skupinama koje so dobivale antioksidante unutar prvoga tjedna pokazale so da dodatak antioksidanata dovodi do brzeg oporavka. Rezultati naznacuju da kombinacija tripanocid/antioksidant mole imati povoljan ucinak u lijecennu tripanosomoze. Kljucne rijeci: Trypanosorna brucei, lijecenje, diminazen, tokoferol, selen
Istražen je učinak stupnjevanih doza vodenog ekstrakta iz Talinum triangulare na hematološke i biokemijske pokazatelje u seruma kokoši nesilica. Za potrebe eksperimenta korišteno je 210 pilenki koje ...su nabavljene u dobi od 18 tjedana. Pilenke su nasumično podijeljene u 7 skupina (LAT1, LAT2, LAT3, LBT1, LBT2, LBT3 i LC). Svaka je skupina replicirana tri puta, a svaki je replikat uključivao smještaj 10 pilenki. Ekstrakt dobiven iz suhog praška T. triangulare davan je skupinama LAT1, LAT2 i LAT3 u vodi za piće, u dozama od 62,5, 250 i 1000 mg/L. Ekstrakti dobiveni iz svježe ubrane biljke Talinum triangulare davani su skupinama LBT1, LBT2 i LBT3, u dozama od 62,5, 250 i 1000 mg/L, također u pitkoj vodi. Pilenke u skupini LC služile su kao kontrola koja nije konzumirala nikakav ekstrakt. Biokemijski i hematološki pokazatelji u serumu određivani su standardnim postupcima, u dvomjesečnim intervalima, tijekom 8 mjeseci davanja ekstrakata. Rezultati su pokazali da među istraživanim skupinama nema signifikantnih razlika (P>0,05) u hematokritu, broju eritrocita, koncentraciji hemoglobina, ukupnim broju leukocita, aktivnostima serumske alanin-aminotransferaze i aspartat-aminotransteraze te u ukupnim proteinima. Tijekom eksperimenta, posebice u 4. i 8. mjesecu, u skupini LAT3 u odnosu na ostale skupine koncentracija lipoproteina visoke gustoće u serumu bila je viša, a koncentracija lipoproteina niske gustoće u serumu niža (P<0,05). Zaključeno je da davanje T. triangulare nije imalo štetan utjecaj na zdravlje i proizvodni status nesilica, dok je pozitivan učinak utvrđen za njihov profil masnoća u serumu. Zbog svojih antilipemijskih svojstava osušeni prašak Talinum triangulare preporučuje se kao fitobiotički dodatak za zdrav proizvodni život kokoši nesilica, u dozi od 1000 mg/L .
Istraživanje je provedeno radi određivanja zasebnoga učinka selena ili tokoferola na učinkovitost diminazen aceturata u oporavljanju od anemije uzrokovane vrstom Trypanosoma brucei u štakora. ...Promatrane su promjene u vrijednostima hematokrita, hemoglobina i crvenih krvnih stanica 7. dana nakon invazije te 7., 14. i 21. dana nakon liječenja diminazenom u dozi od 7 mg/kg tjelesne mase. Koncentracija hemoglobina 7. dana nakon liječenja dosegla je najvišu razinu u skupini štakora koja je dobivala diminazen/tokoferol u odnosu na skupinu koja je dobivala diminazen/selen ili skupinu koja je dobivala samo selen. Srednja vrijednost hematokrita u skupinama koje su dobivale diminazen/tokoferol i diminazen/selen bila je 7. dana nakon liječenja značajno veća nego u skupine koja je dobivala samo diminazen. Hematološki pokazatelji (hematokrit, hemoglobin i broj crvenih krvnih stanica) imali su pozitivan trend u skupinama koje su dobivale diminazen i diminazen/selen sa sve većim vrijednostima u skupinama s diminazen/selenom, a manjim 14. i 21. dana nakon liječenja u skupinama koje su dobivale diminazen/tokoferol. Bolje vrijednosti hematoloških pokazatelja u skupinama koje su dobivale antioksidante unutar prvoga tjedna pokazale su da dodatak antioksidanata dovodi do bržeg oporavka. Rezultati naznačuju da kombinacija tripanocid/antioksidant može imati povoljan učinak u liječenju tripanosomoze.
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