Analog circuits in ultra-deep-submicron CMOS Annema, A.-J.; Nauta, B.; van Langevelde, R. ...
IEEE journal of solid-state circuits,
2005-Jan., 2005, 2005-01-00, 20050101, Letnik:
40, Številka:
1
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Modern and future ultra-deep-submicron (UDSM) technologies introduce several new problems in analog design. Nonlinear output conductance in combination with reduced voltage gain pose limits in ...linearity of (feedback) circuits. Gate-leakage mismatch exceeds conventional matching tolerances. Increasing area does not improve matching any more, except if higher power consumption is accepted or if active cancellation techniques are used. Another issue is the drop in supply voltages. Operating critical parts at higher supply voltages by exploiting combinations of thin- and thick-oxide transistors can solve this problem. Composite transistors are presented to solve this problem in a practical way. Practical rules of thumb based on measurements are derived for the above phenomena.
This paper presents a monolithic optical detector, consisting of an integrated photodiode and a preamplifier in a standard 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS technology. A data rate of 3 Gb/s at BER <10/sup -11/ ...was achieved for /spl lambda/=850 nm with 25-/spl mu/W peak-peak optical power. This data rate is more than four times than that of current state-of-the-art optical detectors in standard CMOS reported so far. High-speed operation is achieved without reducing circuit responsivity by using an inherently robust analog equalizer that compensates (in gain and phase) for the photodiode roll-off over more than three decades. The presented solution is applicable to various photodiode structures, wavelengths, and CMOS generations.
This paper describes two CMOS bandgap reference circuits featuring dynamic-threshold MOS transistors. The first bandgap reference circuit aims at application in low-voltage, low-power ICs that ...tolerate medium accuracy. The circuit runs at supply voltages down to 0.85 V while consuming only 1 /spl mu/W; the die area is 0.063 mm/sup 2/ in a standard digital 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS process. The second bandgap reference circuit aims at high accuracy operation (/spl sigma/=0.3%) without trimming. It consumes approximately 5 /spl mu/W from a 1.8-V supply voltage and occupies 0.06 mm/sup 2/ in a standard 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS process.
The CMOS silicon avalanche-mode light-emitting diode (AMLED) has emerged as a potential light source for monolithic optical interconnects. Earlier we presented a superjunction light-emitting diode ...(SJLED) that offers a higher electroluminescent intensity compared to a conventional AMLED because of its more uniform field distribution. However, for reducing power consumption low-voltage (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\leq 15\text{V} </tex-math></inline-formula>) SJLEDs are desired, not explored before. In this work we present a TCAD simulation feasibility study of the low-voltage SJLED for various doping concentrations and device dimensions. The results show that for obtaining a constant field, approximately a tenfold more aggressive charge balance condition in the SJLED is estimated than traditionally reported. This is important for establishing a guideline to realize optimized RESURF and SJLEDs in the ever-shrinking advanced CMOS nodes.
Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology could turn electric vehicles (EVs) into a potentially valuable solution to the problem of increased load demand caused by large-scale EV integration. Successful ...market penetration of V2G relies not only on developing the technology itself, but also on EV drivers' willingness to participate in this technology. This paper aims to explore Dutch EV drivers' preferences for participating in V2G contracts. In particular, we conduct a context-dependent stated choice experiment to examine the impact of EV recharging technology on the V2G contract preferences. Two contexts have been designed: the current EV recharging time and fast recharging. Our results show that in the context of current recharging time, Dutch EV drivers in general prefer not to participate in V2G contracts, while the opposite is true in the context of fast recharging. With regard to specific V2G contract attributes, Dutch EV drivers are most concerned about ‘discharging cycles’. Also important to them is ‘the guaranteed minimum battery level’, but its importance drops significantly in the fast charging context. In addition, ‘monthly remuneration’ and ‘plug-in time’ also influence people's preferences for adopting V2G. From these findings, we draw the implications for the aggregator and policy makers.
•People in general prefer not to participate in V2G.•However, the opposite is true in the context of fast recharging.•People are highly concerned about discharging cycles and the guaranteed minimum battery level.•Concern for battery levels may disappear when recharging time is greatly shortened.•The development of EV battery technology can stimulate the V2G market.
This paper presents the analytical solution in time domain for the ideal single-ended class-E power amplifier (PA). Based on the analytical solution a coherent noniterative procedure for choosing the ...circuit parameters is presented for class-E PA's with arbitrary duty-cycle and finite dc-feed inductance (e.g., continuously ranging from class-E with small finite drain inductance to class-E with RF choke). The obtained analysis results link all known class-E PA design equations as well as presenting new design equations. The result of the analysis gives more degrees of freedom to designers in their design and optimization by further expanding the design space of class-E PA.
A review is given of methodological practices for ex ante cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of transport greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation measures, e.g. fuel economy and CO
2 standards for road ...vehicles in the US and EU. Besides the fundamental differences between different types of policies and abatement options which inherently result in different CEA outcomes, differences in methodological choices and assumptions are another important source of variation in CEA outcomes. Fourteen methodological issues clustered into six groups are identified on which thirty-three selected studies are systematically reviewed. The potential variation between lower and upper cost-effectiveness estimates for GHG mitigation measures in transport, resulting from different methodological choices and assumptions, lies in the order of $400 per tonne CO
2-eq. The practise of using CEA for policy-making could improve considerably by clearly indicating the specific purpose of the CEA and its strengths and limitations for policy decisions. Another improvement is related to the dominant approach in transport GHG mitigation studies: the bottom-up financial technical approach which assesses isolated effects, implying considerable limitations for policy-making. A shift to welfare-economic approaches using a hybrid model has the potential to establish an improved assessment of transport GHG mitigation measures based on realistic market responses and behavioural change.
► We identify fourteen important methodological issues clustered into six groups. ► We systematically review thirty-three selected transport GHG mitigation studies. ► Methodological choices can lead to a difference by up to $400 per tonne CO
2-eq. ► The dominant bottom-up approach has limitations for policy-making. ► Welfare-economic approaches could improve cost-effectiveness analysis.
The operating environment of mobile phones fluctuates continuously, due to changing handling conditions and nearby objects. The resulting fluctuations in antenna impedance cause both a decrease in ...link quality and a higher standing wave ratio, that requires more robust and hence less efficient power amplifier implementations. In this paper, an automatic antenna tuner system for handheld applications is presented that uses two series reactances combined with three simple RF peak detectors to sense both reactive and real impedance mismatches. The control loop only requires low-frequency electronics which makes it low cost, low power and relatively easy to integrate. Measurements on a demonstrator system show correct behaviour for voltage standing-wave ratio up to 10.
Large mediastinal masses are rare, and encompass a wide variety of diseases. Regardless of the diagnosis, all large mediastinal masses may cause compression or invasion of vital structures, resulting ...in respiratory insufficiency or hemodynamic decompensation. Detailed preoperative preparation is a prerequisite for favorable surgical outcomes and should include preoperative multimodality imaging, with emphasis on vascular anatomy and invasive characteristics of the tumor. A multidisciplinary team should decide whether neoadjuvant therapy can be beneficial. Furthermore, the anesthesiologist has to evaluate the risk of intraoperative mediastinal mass syndrome (MMS). With adequate preoperative team planning, a safe anesthesiological and surgical strategy can be accomplished.
IntroductionIn the past decades, short-term results after solid organ transplantation have markedly improved. Disappointingly, this has not been accompanied by parallel improvements in long-term ...outcomes after transplantation. To improve graft and recipient outcomes, identification of potentially modifiable risk factors and development of biomarkers are required. We provide the rationale and design of a large prospective cohort study of solid organ transplant recipients (TransplantLines).Methods and analysisTransplantLines is designed as a single-centre, prospective cohort study and biobank including all different types of solid organ transplant recipients as well as living organ donors. Data will be collected from transplant candidates before transplantation, during transplantation, at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years and 5 years, and subsequently every 5 years after transplantation. Data from living organ donors will be collected before donation, during donation, at 3 months, 1 year and 5 years after donation, and subsequently every 5 years. The primary outcomes are mortality and graft failure. The secondary outcomes will be cause-specific mortality, cause-specific graft failure and rejection. The tertiary outcomes will be other health problems, including diabetes, obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and cardiovascular disease, and disturbances that relate to quality of life, that is, physical and psychological functioning, including quality of sleep, and neurological problems such as tremor and polyneuropathy.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from the relevant local ethics committee. The TransplantLines cohort study is designed to deliver pioneering insights into transplantation and donation outcomes. The study design allows comprehensive data collection on perioperative care, nutrition, social and psychological functioning, and biochemical parameters. This may provide a rationale for future intervention strategies to more individualised, patient-centred transplant care and individualisation of treatment.Trial registration number NCT03272841.
PDF
