Introduction/purpose: SMART orthopedic systems use fixators with remote monitoring, processing, and communication capabilities to leverage healing progression data for personalized, real-time ...monitoring of a healing process. The fixators incorporate small and compact piezoelectric sensors that generate electrical signals upon the application of force to the piezoelectric diaphragm. This enables doctors to remotely guide fixation devices using indirectly and remotely controlled stepper motors known for their precision and accuracy. Reliability of stepper motors makes them a viable alternative for the mechanical tools traditionally used by doctors for fixator extension. Methods: This study focuses on the evaluation of sensor-based technology in orthopedic applications. The paper presents a theoretical framework for the application of SMART devices in the bone fracture healing process. It delves into the structure and functionality of piezoelectric transducers, offering a comprehensive insight into this technology and various engineering aspects of SMART systems. Results: The implementation of SMART systems has significantly enhanced doctor-patient communication. This improvement is facilitated through a dual-phase process involving gathering, processing, and transmitting the data wirelessly from the patient's (sensor) interface to the doctor who uses specialized software for data analysis and wireless transmission to the stepper motor actuator. Subsequently, the data is forwarded to the decoder at the motor site, where a motor controller generates the control signal for the stepper motor driver. Conclusion: SMART implants can provide doctors with quantitative data that can be used in directing a rehabilitation plan. The sensor-based technology offers insights into the stress induced by the callus formation enabling bidirectional communication between the doctor and the patient. The stepper motor is a tool that aids in personalized treatment from the distance.
Introduction/purpose: The security of systems can be jeopardized by compromising emanations. This paper provides an overview of computer screen attacks. New technologies can be used to exfiltrate ...sensitive data from computer screens. Emission security is the prevention of electromagnetic signal attacks that are conducted or radiated. Methods: This paper examines the impact of a side-channel attack that intercepts compromised information from a computer screen. The leakage of electromagnetic data is also explained. Software-defined radios are described to explain malicious attacks on computer monitors. Results: The source of the electromagnetic signal determines the nature of the side-channel information they carry. The most well-known issue associated with revealing emissions is the possibility of intercepting visual information displayed on computer monitors. Conclusion: Visual data displayed on computer monitors could be intercepted by a software-defined radio which can digitize the desired frequency spectrum directly from an antenna, present it to a digital signal processor, and output it to an application for revealing sensitive data. A Grdović, M. et al, Screen reading: electromagnetic information leakage from the computer monitor, pp.836-855 variety of countermeasures, such as shielding, zoning, soft TEMPEST, and similar techniques, can be used to prevent data leakage.
The aim of this research was to quantify changes of the adenohypophyseal somatotropes and types 1 and 2 muscle fibers with aging, as well as to establish mutual interactions and correlations with ...age. Material was samples of hypophysis and psoas major muscle of 27 cadavers of both genders, aged from 30 to 90 years. Adenohypophyseal and psoas major tissue sections were immunohistochemically processed and stained by anti-human growth hormone and anti-fast myosin antibodies, respectively. Morphometric analysis was performed by ImageJ. Results of morphometric analysis showed a significant increase in the somatotrope area, and significant decrease in somatotrope volume density and nucleocytoplasmic ratio with age. Cross-sectional areas of types 1 and 2, and volume density of type 2 muscle fibers decreased significantly with age. One Way ANOVA showed that the latter cited changes in the somatotropes and types 1 and 2 muscle fibers mostly become significant after the age of 70. Significant positive correlation was observed between the area of the somatotropes and volume density of type 2 muscle fibers. A significant negative correlation was detected between the nucleocytoplasmic ratio of the somatotropes and cross-sectional areas of types 1 and 2 muscle fibers. So, it can be concluded that after the age of 70, there is significant loss of the anterior pituitary's somatotropes associated with hypertrophy and possible functional decline of the remained cells. Age-related changes in the somatotropes are correlated with the simultaneous atrophy of type 1, as well as with the atrophy and loss of type 2 muscle fibers.
Introduction/purpose: This paper provides an overview of research on computer system vulnerabilities caused by compromised electromagnetic radiation by wireless keyboards. Wireless devices that use ...event-triggered communication have been shown to have critical privacy issues due to the inherent leakage associated with radio frequency emissions. Wireless connectivity technology is a source of signal emanation that must be protected in terms of performance and security. Methods: Wireless device vulnerabilities and side-channel attacks are observed, along with electromagnetic emission of radio waves. Results: The findings highlight a specific wireless keyboard's security and encryption flaws. The results of penetration testing reveal vulnerabilities of targeted wireless keyboards in terms of outdated firmware, encryption, wireless reliability, and connection strength. Conclusion: Wireless keyboards have security flaws that disrupt radio communication, giving a malicious user complete access to the computer to which the keyboard is connected. An attacker can steal sensitive data by observing how the system works using compromised electromagnetic emissions.
Background/Aim. There is a reduction of the psoas muscle with aging, and histopathological analysis (HPA) on postmortem material also shows its significant changes with advancing age. The aim of this ...study was to determine the presence and distribution of types I and II muscle fibers in the human psoas muscle in individuals of different ages and genders. Methods. The material consisted of tissue samples of the right iliopsoas muscle taken from 30 adult cadavers (18 males and 12 females), aged from 30 to 90 years, divided into three age groups. The material was obtained from the Institute of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Serbia. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used in the H PA of muscle cells. Results. The values of astereological parameters (area, perimeter, and Feret's diameter) of type I and type II muscle fibers were greater in male cases in comparison with female ones, although with no statistically significant difference. Based on the histochemical and morphometric analysis, it was concluded that, after 70 years of life, a loss of type II muscle fibers occurred, which was more conspicuous in female cases. Conclusion. During aging, the loss of type II muscle fibers, as well as the atrophy of type I and type II muscle fibers, demonstrate similar dynamics in both genders.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of acute caffeine supplementation on anaerobic performance in professional female basketball players. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, ...experimental design was used in a randomized counterbalanced manner. In separate sessions, 10 professional basketball players ingested caffeine (3 mg/kg body mass) or a placebo (dextrose: 3 mg/kg body mass) 60 min before completing countermovement jumps (CMJ) with and without arm swing, a squat jump (SJ), the Lane Agility Drill, 20-m sprints (with 5-m and 10-m split times recorded) with and without dribbling a ball, and a suicide run. Participants provided ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and ratings of perceived performance 30 min following testing. Data analyses included the use of effect size (ES) and significance. Caffeine supplementation produced small nonsignificant (p > 0.05) increases in CMJ without arm swing (ES = 0.30), CMJ with arm swing (ES = 0.29), SJ (ES = 0.33), and the lane agility drill (ES = –0.27). Caffeine supplementation produced small to moderate significant improvements in 10-m (ES = –0.63; p = 0.05) and 20-m (ES = –0.41; p = 0.04) sprint times without dribbling. Caffeine supplementation promoted a moderate significant reduction in RPE during the test battery (ES = –1.18; p = 0.04) and a small nonsignificant improvement in perceived performance (ES = 0.23; p = 0.53). Acute caffeine supplementation may produce small to moderate improvements in key performance attributes required for basketball while reducing RPE.
Unintentional electromagnetic (EM) emissions often include information about the data processed by electronic devices. Intrusion based on an unintentional EM emission leaves no evidence of an ...attacker’s activity, while the data owner is unaware that it has been lost. EM attacks can be performed without physically damaging a device that operates regularly. The most typical intrusion activities involve sensitive data exfiltration using various methods that do not require the physical connection of devices to the computer network or communication channels. This research examines EM emissions from computer monitors, wireless keyboards and mice, printers, scanners, conductors, piezoelectric sensors (PES), and radio frequency identification (RFID) devices. The telecommunication electronics material protected from emanating spurious transmissions (TEMPEST) profiling as a performance engineering of the EM footprint is discussed. This study also presents different TEMPEST standards and highlights their importance concerning unintentional EM radiation.
The aim of this study was to establish the role of maturation on the development of physical performance in adolescent athletes and nonathletes. The total studied sample consisted of 231 participants ...(131 athletes: 72 boys with an average chronological age of 13.53 ± 0.7 and 59 girls with an average chronological age of 11.97 ± 0.8; 100 nonathletes: 47 boys with an average chronological age of 13.73 ± 0.47 and 53 girls with an average chronological age of 11.93 ± 0.33), distributed according to their biological maturity stage (Pre-, Mid-, and Post-Peak Height Velocity PHV) and to their gender. The assessment of physical performance was performed using the following tests: Countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJA), squat jump (SJ), five-jump test (5JT), 5 m sprint (5 m), 10 m sprint (10 m), 20 m sprint (20 m), T-test, Zig Zag, and Slalom. The differences in athletes according to biological maturity were identified in all variables except for 5 m (
= 0.33) and Slalom (
= 0.07), while in nonathletes the differences were found in 5JT (
= 0.01), 5 m (
= 0.02), 10 m (
= 0.01), and 20 m (
= 0.01) tests. Additionally, a significant interaction of gender and biological maturity was detected for CMJ (
= 0.03), CMJA (
= 0.01), and Zig Zag (
= 0.05) in athletes. The findings of the current study confirm the importance of maturity status in the assessment of physical performance. As a consequence, a more rational selection of talented athletes could be provided, also enabling the timely development of physical performance in nonathletes as a "window of opportunity".
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