The excess of protein and lack of energy in the diet of goats cause an excess of nitrogen compounds in the rumen with the release of ammonia and the increase of urea concentration in blood and milk, ...which adversely affects: production and processing properties of milk, environmental pollution and reproductive performance. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of short-term (30 days) changes of meals in the view of different content of crude protein (CP) to: daily milk yield (DMY), the concentration of urea (U) and the ratio between fat and protein (F/P) in milk. Preliminary research was conducted on 72 Alpine goats, grouped into three groups (I, II, III), with 24 randomly selected goats. From kidding to weaning, goats were fed with the same meal (11 % CP), which was followed by period of short-term feeding with different amounts of CP in the meal (I -14 % low proportion, II - 16 % optimal proportion, III - 18 % high proportion). The increase of CP in portion for 4 %, 4 % and 6 % resulted in an increase of the DMY for: 1.29 L, 1.48 L and 1.91 L, and also the concentration of urea for 16, 26 and 30 mg/100 mL. The ratio of F/P decreased in I, II, and III group from 1.55 to 1.24; from 1.53 to 1.18 and from 1.39 to 1.12. Optimizing nutrition in terms of a more rational protein intake as the most expensive components of a meal, balance of the energy and protein, as well as defining the limit value of urea concentration in milk are a prerequisite for intensive production of goat’s milk.
A dairy meal is defined as a specific food serving composed from milk and dairy products. Because of its nutritional value and complex chemical composition, milk and dairy products play an important ...role in the diet of children and represent a rich source of calcium, phosphorus, as well as valuable proteins, B vitamins and minerals. Healthy children should consume at least three servings of dairy products daily, which contributes to the total energy and nutrients that children need. The needs of an unhealthy child are often higher than those who are healthy and depend on the state of the body. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of consumption of dairy meals in hospitalized children and to find out if their energy needs, as well as their need for calcium and phosphorus through the consumption of the same were met. Significant differences were found between recommended energy intake from dairy products and actual energy intake from consumed milk and dairy products in three Croatian regions (P=0.021) tested. The highest values were recorded in central Croatia (253 Kcal or 34.4 %) and the lowest in the northern Croatian coastal region (17.05 Kcal or 20.1 %), which indicates a greater representation of milk and dairy meals in children’s daily menu. Furthermore, hospitalized children meet almost half of their recommended daily intake of calcium and phosphorus from dairy meals for all three regions. The highest rate was found in central Croatia, 48.7 % or 400 mg of calcium, respectively 42.9 % or 322.69 mg phosphorus, while the remaining portion of calcium and phosphorus originates from different rich non-dairy food sources. In all regions the most common forms of dairy foods consumed were milk and dairy desserts.
Mastitis represents a big problem in modern cattle production, both in economic terms and in terms of diagnostic. Direct economic losses for the manufacturers occur due to reduction of milk ...production, changed composition of the milk, medical expenses, loss of one or more quarters of the udder, the withdrawal period and higher expenditure of labor. The greatest damages in dairy production are caused by subclinical (invisible) inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of some bacterial mastitis pathogens to antimicrobial agents in the compositions for the treatment of mastitis that are used in the Republic of Croatia. Pathogens which causes mastitis were isolated on esculin blood agar culture medium and subjected to a sensitivity analysis on eight antimicrobials. Highest sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus strains was determined to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid and cefoperazone, while the distinct resistance was observed to penicillin and ampicillin (almost 100 %). Also it has been determined a relatively high efficiency of ampicillin (96.1 %), amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (94.1 %) and penicillin (92.8 %) on the strains of Streptococcus uberis, while the lowest sensitivity, bacteria have had on streptomycin. According to results of the analysis, it is evident that a growing number of bacteria developed resistance to certain antimicrobial agents.
Production of goat milk and its consumption in the world is increasing, and so is the population of goats which increases more than the population of other dairy animals. This is particularly true in ...countries where goat milk is reflection of the traditional production. Goat’s milk, in addition to the high nutritional value (better digestibility, hypoallergenic, higher buffering capacity, higher pH value) is characterized by therapeutic characteristics important for human health. The preference of goat’s milk over cow’s milk is also a higher selenium content, which is essential for the activity of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, also significant in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Goat’s milk in comparison with cow’s, contains more fatty acids, which have beneficial effects on human health, especially the cardiovascular system. Goat’s milk proteins are more digestible than cow’s milk proteins, also an absorption of amino acids are more efficient. The sensitivity of people to α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin of cow’s milk is negligible after replacing cow’s milk with goat’s milk. The objective of this paper is to specify benefits of goat’s milk in regard to cow’s and highlight its therapeutic and nutritional values.
In most countries of the world, mare’s milk has always been appreciated due to the proposed therapeutic effects. Thus, it has been increasingly used in nutrition, cosmetics and pharmacy and as a ...substitute for human milk in newborn diets. According to some estimation, about 30 million people worldwide consume mare’s milk. Recently, mare’s milk has become an interesting product in Croatia because of its specific composition and properties. The optimal ratio of casein to whey proteins and the high digestibility make mare’s milk acceptable for the infant diet, why numerous researchers and discussions focus on it. The aim of this study was to establish chemical composition and the most important properties of mare’s milk, as well as possibilities of its utilization. Because of the high percentage of whey proteins, mare’s milk is a rich source of essential aminoacids and is also convenient for human consumption. In comparison to cow and human milk, mare’s milk lipids contain less triacylglycerols (c. 80 % mare vs c. 98 % cow and human), but it has a higher percentage of phospholipids (c. 5 %) and free fatty acids (c. 9 %). Besides, mare’s milk is characterized by a higher concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, lactose, vitamins A, B and C, and by a lower content of cholesterol.
The aim of this study was to determine the influence of microbial (commercial starter) culture on concentration of total free amino groups (amino acids) in cheeses in different ripening stages. Free ...amino groups were determined by reaction with ninhydrin with cadmium (Cd) in the water soluble cheese extract, and were expressed as the concentration of leucine in cheese dry matter. Changes in concentration of total free amino acids during cheese ripening (0th, 30th, 60th, 90th and 120th day) were monitored. In water soluble extracts of cheese, the presence of free NH2 groups in all ripening stages was detected, which means smaller peptides and amino acids, whose concentration significantly (P<0.01) increased during ripening. Cheeses produced with and without microbial culture resulted in statistically significant differences (P<0.01) in content amino acids free on the 90th and 120th day of ripening. Cd - ninhydrin method was found to be suitable for cheese ripening monitoring, as well as for determination of the differences in mature characteristics of cheeses, depending on the production process.
Milk production is one of the possible economic uses of donkey population. The Littoral- Dinaric donkey is numerous, but the structural changes in rural areas during the last decade have pushed it ...into a group of endangered genetic heritage. The aim of this research is to determine the production potential, lactation characteristics, chemical composition and hygienic quality of the Littoral-Dinaric ass milk. The average milk production was 172.12 mL per milking with the average fat percentage of 0.33 %, milk protein 1.55 %, and lactose 6.28 %. The low average number of somatic cells and bacterial count are noticed in ass’s milk (4.09 mL log-1; 3.58 mL log-1). A significant influence of lactation stage on the milk quantity and proportion of dry matter (P<0.01), as well on the proportion of milk fat and milk protein (P<0.05), was observed. Also the influence of the season on productivity, and the proportion of dry matter and milk fat (P<0001), as well as milk protein (P<0.01) was also significant. Productivity of the Littoral-Dinaric ass in the pasture system is relatively modest, but the direct and indirect benefits from this kind of production are multiple. That is the reason to continue the development of donkey milk production technology.
Determining the urea concentration in milk is a useful indicator of the nutritional protein status of the organism as well as of the ratio between the energy and the protein in ruminant rations, with ...increasing practical usage. In addition to nutrition, milk urea concentration is influenced by a whole range of factors, for example: breed, stage and number of lactations, body weight, daily production and chemical composition of milk, somatic cell count, season and milking. The objective of this research was to determine the impact of the cow breed (Holstein and Simmental), the number of lactation (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th), milking time (morning-evening) and season (spring-summer and autumn-winter) on milk urea concentration. The following was determined for each breed: daily milk yield, milk fat, protein and lactose content, urea concentration and somatic cell count in milk. Statistical data processing was carried out by applying General Linear Model procedure, SAS system (1999). The cow breed had a significant influence on daily milk yield and log somatic cell count (P<0.001), lactose content in milk (P<0.01), milk fat content and milk urea concentration (P<0.05). The number of lactations significantly influenced daily milk yield (P<0.001), protein content (P<0.001 and P<0.01) and milk urea concentration, but only for Holstein breed (P<0.05). Milking time significantly influenced the fat and protein content (P<0.001) in the milk of Holstein cows, that is, lactose content (P<0.05) and urea concentration (P<0.05) in the milk of Simmental cows. The season significantly influenced the fat and protein content of milk (P<0.001), that is, urea concentration and log somatic cell count (P<0.01). Determining of urea concentration in cow milk should also be systematically conducted in the Republic of Croatia, in order to determine standard physiological values characteristical for a particular cow breed, aiming to determine the balance of energy and protein in rations.
Complex microbiological and biochemical changes take place during cheese ripening process, having a significant impact on the formation of organoleptic characteristics of the final product. ...Proteolytic enzymes degraded casein to larger and smaller peptides and free amino acids. The quantity and the ratios of particular amino acids and soluble peptides significantly influence the texture and organoleptic properties of cheese. The products of amino acid degradation in cheese are alcohols, aldehydes, esters, acids and sulphur compounds, which form specific aromas of various cheese types. More than 200 different volatile components have been identified in cheese. Cheese flavour is concentrated in the watersoluble fraction (peptides, amino acids, organic acids and amines), while aroma is mainly concentrated in the volatile fraction (organic acids, aldehydes, amines, esters). Many cheeses contain the same or similar components, but in different concentrations and ratios. Specific characteristics of cheese aroma are not based only on one specific compound, but on combination of different compounds produced in the maturing process. The technological process of cheese production can be accelerated and modified by influencing proteolytic processes, which are therefore the subject of intense research.
The purpose of this study was to determine chemical and microbiological quality of raw milk from 30 farms of different sizes from eastern, central and southern Croatian regions. Samples of fresh raw ...milk (n=360) are determined by the content of fat, protein, total solids, and the number of microorganisms and somatic cells. Analysed milk derived from Holstein, Simmental and Brown Swiss cows, and their crossbred. Chemical composition of milk was determined by infrared spectrophotometry, microbiological quality by milk epifluorescence flow cytometry, and the number of somatic cells in milk was determined by fluoro-opto-electronic method. The results of chemical quality of milk - of milk fat and protein entirely, for all groups of large and small farms in eastern, central and southern regions meet the requirements of the “Regulations on the Quality of Fresh Raw Milk”. Looking at the value of the total number of microorganisms, only a group of small agricultural holdings of the southern region do not meet the requirements prescribed by the Regulations on the Quality of Fresh Raw Milk in 2000. Small agricultural holdings of the southern region had significantly higher total number of microorganisms (P<0.0001) in relation to the other two groups. There was a statistically significant difference (P<0.01) between somatic cell count (SCC) in milk of all three region’s large agricultural holdings, while the SCC in milk of small agricultural holdings of different regions did not show statistically significant difference (P<0.05).
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