Poverty and Equity Duclos, Jean-Yves; Araar, Abdelkrim
Poverty and equity,
2007, 2006, Letnik:
2
eBook
This text addresses the understanding and alleviation of poverty, inequality, and inequity using a unique and broad mix of concepts. Most of the book's measurement and statistical tools have been ...programmed in DAD.
This paper examines the relationship between participation in nonfarm activity and participation in markets by farm households in Ghana. The study used data from the Ghana Living Standards Survey ...Round 6 and employed the endogenous switching probit model which accounts for selection bias from observed and unobserved factors. The results reveal that infrastructural variables such as roads, means of transport, markets and banks are important determinants of nonfarm work engagement and participation in crop market. We also find a positive and significant effect of nonfarm work participation on the probability of selling crops. The conclusion is that farmers’ engagement in nonfarm activities boosts decisions to enter crop markets in Ghana. The results of the study imply that for agricultural development in Ghana and other countries with similar characteristics, agricultural policies should incorporate strategies that enhance opportunities in the nonfarm sector as that will translate to enhanced producer market participation.
La evaluación de la progresividad de un sistema fiscal es relevante para tener una idea general de la magnitud de la redistribución. Se investiga la evolución de la progresividad en el tiempo y cómo ...la política fiscal del gobierno afecta a su diseño en México, así como la dinámica de la progresividad del sistema fiscal en el periodo 2002-2012. Se utiliza un método de comparación de la progresividad con una aplicación no paramétrica y un soporte común de comparación en el tiempo. Se detecta un aumento en la progresividad con altos niveles de polarización y desigualdad con un impacto reductor en sus niveles.
What is the welfare effect of a price change? The paper addresses this question by empirically comparing welfare measures and computational methods under different demand systems, parameters choices ...and price shocks. In the context of individual welfare and as a rule of thumb, welfare measures converge to approximately the same values for price changes below 10%. Above this threshold, these measures start to diverge significantly. Budget shares play an important role in explaining such divergence, whereas the choice of demand system has a minor role. These findings generally hold in the context of social welfare. Statistical inference and stochastic dominance help to refine results, particularly for the lower parts of the income distributions.
Abstract
This research estimated the impact of credit uptake (formal, informal, and family) on youth entrepreneurship performance in Benin using panel data from a World Bank survey on enterprise ...formalization. To address potential endogeneity and ensure the robustness of results, we employed multiple models and estimation techniques (fixed‐effects and Lewbel approach). Our results showed that, while formal credit was most important for larger firms, smaller firms benefited mainly from flexible (informal or family) credit. The impact of credit uptake was generally higher for female‐owned firms. There were also variations in uptake according to the firm owner's age. The impact of formal credit was relatively higher for older firm owners while informal credit impacted more younger owners. The findings highlight the importance of informal and family credit sources, especially for start‐ups and small firms.
La evaluación de la progresividad de un sistema fiscal es relevante para tener una idea general de la magnitud de la redistribución. Se investiga la evolución de la progresividad en el tiempo y cómo ...la política fiscal del gobierno afecta a su diseño en México, así como la dinámica de la progresividad del sistema fiscal en el peiodo 2002-2012. Se utiliza un método de comparación de la progresividad con una aplicación noparamétrica y un soporte común de comparación en el tiempo. Se detecta un aumento en la progresividad con altos niveles de polarización y desigualdad con un impacto reductor en sus niveles. Assessing the progressivity of a fiscal system is relevant to develop a global idea on the extent of redistribution. We analyze the evolution of how fiscal policy affects the design of a fiscal system, as well as its progressivity over time. We assess the dynamics of progressivity during the period 2002-2012. This work adopts a non-parametric approach to measure the progressivity of taxes and transfers in Mexico, using a common support of comparison. Progressivity increased and high levels of polarization and inequality generate a non-negligible impact on its level when the common support of comparison is applied.
•There is a positive linkage between farm and non-farm sectors in rural Niger.•Off-farm self-employment is linked to increased spending on crop and livestock inputs.•Initiatives for promoting rural ...entrepreneurship should be encouraged.•Complementary programs intended for farm and non-farm sectors should be considered.
Low-skilled off-farm self-employment is the most accessible opportunity for households in rural Niger looking to diversify their income sources. This raises the question of whether promoting the non-farm sector is detrimental to the performance of the farm sector. Unfortunately, the evidence base in West Africa and the Sahel for this important policy question is thin. In this paper we identify the covariates of the farm households’ decision to participate in off-farm self-employment in rural Niger. We estimate the effect of that decision on farm activity investment. We find that participating in off-farm self-employment is highly correlated with farm and non-farm factors. Participation in off-farm self-employment is linked to increased agricultural spending on crop and livestock inputs, but a lower propensity to hire labour. Our results suggest that policies to promote the non-farm sector can support the development of the agricultural sector in rural Niger.
Government and financial institutions are attempting to address the low financial inclusion for developing sustainable microenterprises in rural Benin. Yet, their actions remain to be guided by ...evidence pertaining to the design of financing schemes intended to boost rural women-owned enterprises. This paper focuses on the relationship between the various financing schemes that exist and the economic performance of women-owned enterprises in rural Benin, using a sample of 3949 small businesses. Results show that social network-based financing improves the business performance of rural women entrepreneurs in small-scale commerce. This is also the case for microenterprises managed by adult women and women with primary-school education. Formal credit-based financing increases the profit margins of mature microenterprises owned by women. This paper also shows that self-financing is more profitable for young rural women entrepreneurs. The results partly inform the need to target women more in financing policies in Benin.
Plain English Summary
Microenterprises’ financing and performance require more gender considerations in rural Benin. Because of the demand rationing of formal credit, there is a coexistence of other sources of financing in use that induce differential impacts on the performance of women-owned microenterprises. This study finds that informal social network-based financing is more beneficial for rural women traders, adults, or educated owners. A substitute formal microcredit would enhance the growth of rural women-owned microenterprises operating with social networks-based financing. This has to be rural women having proven experience in small businesses. For inexperienced young women, a self-financing mechanism is more appropriate to start small businesses. Our findings call thus for policies targeting experienced female microenterprises for innovative microfinance programs and young female entrepreneurs for subsidy programs.
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