Renewable energy is generally referred to energy that may be renewed. Recently, attention to the use of renewable energy has been increasing, including in Indonesia. Since renewable energy comes from ...nature and uses natural resources, Indonesia has considerable resources that can potentially be used to produce renewable energy. Responding to this, it is essential to see how renewable energy is utilized, which is discussed in this book. This book conveys the discussion of renewable energy from the perspective of Indonesia's condition. Chapters in the book address many aspects of new and renewable energy discourse, including technology, policy and regulation, financial strategy, and social aspects. Written by various qualified authors in each field, this book shows how collaboration is much needed in implementing the strategy and policy for the use of new and renewable energy in Indonesia. Renewable Energy: Policy and Strategy is hoped to be a valuable source of knowledge concerning new and renewable energy solutions. Several recommendations can be implemented, and this book is here to become a reference for policymakers in achieving the target of net zero emissions.
The Small Modular Reactor emerges as a recommended technology for nuclear power plant (NPP) development in West Kalimantan, particularly at the Pantai Gosong site. NPP demand highly purified water ...for cooling system, while seawater contains high TDS, so desalination by utilizing heat and power from NPP, offers a viable solution. Additionally, desalination products can supply freshwater to communities within a 10 km radius, including Sungai Raya and Sungai Raya Island Districts. This study aims to determine the techno-economic aspect of desalination cogeneration with SMR-type NPP for West Kalimantan. The methodologies in this research encompass a comprehensive literature review, a qualitative assessment of desalination technology, and a quantitative economic analysis utilizing the DEEP version 5.1. Techno-economic analysis shows that the simple payback period for MED is 12.3 years, while MSF is 13.9 years. Power lost at MED is 5.3 MWe, while MSF is 9.1 MWe. At a temperature of 30.7 °C, the total water cost of the MED is $1.277 $/m3, while MSF is $1.595 $/m3. MED desalination with temperature 70 °C can be effective using residual heat as an energy source. Cogeneration of MED technology can be option for utilization of heat and power in the context of NPP development in West Kalimantan.
•Development Goal: Indonesia aims for net-zero emissions by 2060, driving nuclear microreactor development.•Design Focus: Incorporating thorium into the reactor design for improved efficiency and ...sustainability.•Analysis Scope: Neutronic analysis considers thorium-uranium utilization, emphasizing keff calculation.•Parameters Explored: Various thorium mass fractions (0 % to 90 %), core temperatures (900 K to 1200 K), and active core heights (125 cm to 197 cm).•Impact on Criticality: Thorium-uranium composition significantly influences reactor criticality.
Indonesia has committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the framework of net zero emissions, and nuclear energy will be a part of the energy mix. Indonesia has been developing a 10 MWt micro reactor of high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) with pebble fuel containing 17 % enriched UO2 kernel with OTTO cycle scheme. For the government’s interest to use thorium, this paper assesses the possibility of replacing uranium with thorium. The assessment is performed by calculating the effective neutron multiplication factor (keff). Neutrons captured by 232Th lead to the formation of two intermediate isotopes, namely 233Th and 233Pa, the latter being a significant neutron absorption cross-section. Neutronics analysis is performed using parameters of thorium mass fraction, core temperature, and active core height. The thorium mass fractions varies from 0 % to 90 % Th. The core temperatures are in the range of the normal operating temperature at 900 K, assumed superheat temperature at 1200 K, and shutdown temperature at 300 K. The active core height varies at 197, 180, 150, 130, and 125 cm. This paper aims to determine the keff of the IMR at maximum thorium/uranium mass fraction composition, maximum active core height, core temperature, and fuel burn-up. The MCNP code is used for analysis. The results show that keff decreases with increasing thorium mass fraction and core temperature, and decreasing active core height. Calculations with thorium mass fraction of 15 %, core active height of 197 cm in 20 steps show that the reactor may be continuously operated for more than 920 days without refueling. The analysis results show that IMR design has negative temperature reactivity, inherent safety characteristics, and the ability to use thorium-based fuels.
•Indonesian government has planned to build its first HTGR called PeLUIt.•Cost estimation is crucial to support the first HTGR implementation.•The FOAK of PeLUIT for generating electricity only is ...economically unfeasible.•Some implementation strategies can be made to make PELUIT economically feasible.•The strategies are NOAK of PELUIT, incentives, and adjusting technology grade.
The Indonesian government has planned to build its first high-temperature gas reactor (HTGR), PeLUIt-40. A lack of estimates for PeLUIt-40′s costs hamper planning and implementation. Therefore, research is needed to determine the cost of PeLUIt-40 and develop an implementation strategy. Cost estimation is done using the scaling law method. The estimated cost for FOAK PeLUIt-40 is 215.83 million USD for investment, 14.20 million USD for annual O&M, 5.32 million USD for annual fuel and transportation, and 6.16 million USD for decommissioning costs. Using FOAK PeLUIt-40 for electricity generation produces an LCOE in the range of 37.82 to 11 cents USD/kWh. The LCOE value is lower than the diesel power plant's generation cost, which is 39.86 cents USD/kWh and produces an NPV of 15.94 million USD. Some implementation strategies can be made to make PeLUIt-40 more economically feasible, i.e., increasing NOAK from PeLUIt-40, providing incentives by the government, and adjusting PeLUIt-40′s technology grade. The results indicate that the strategies significantly impact the feasibility of PeLUIt-40 implementation. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted by changing the portion of indirect costs of FOAK HTGR to 77% of the direct costs and changing the discount rate from 10% to 3%. The discount rate change makes the LCOE of PeLUIt-40 range from 37.82 to 11 cents USD/kWh, NPV from 15.94 million USD to 871.45 million USD, and IRR from 10.75% to 37.87%.
The thermo-hydraulics in a thermal non-equilibrium state, which may appear during a postulated loss-of-coolant accident, is one of phenomena which have never been understood enough. In this paper, ...accelerating boiling two-phase flow is dealt with which realizes thermal nonequilibrium conditions in a steady state in order to clarify the relaxation process of superheated liquid. The following insight is clarified from the results ; Jones' model cannot explain the underpressure and relaxation time unless an empirical constant is changed. Therefore, the effect of interfacial area density on the macroscopic relaxation inception is experimentally investigated by adding artificially bubbles in accelerating boiling two-phase flow in order to offer a fundamental data base for modeling the relaxation process of superheated liquid, It is made clear that the macroscopic relaxation inception can be evaluated by a relationship between the integration of liquid superheating by the travelling time and the initial interfacial area density.
The thermo-hydraulics in a thermal non-equilibrium state, which may appear during a postulated loss-of-coolant accident, is one of phenomena which have never been understood enough. In this paper, ...accelerating boiling two-phase flow is dealt with which realizes thermal non- equilibrium conditions in a steady state in order to clarify the relaxation process of superheated liquid. The following insight is clarified from the results; Jones' model cannot explain the underpressure and relaxation time unless an empirical constant is changed. Therefore, the effect of interfacial area density on the macroscopic relaxation inception is experimentally investigated by adding artificially bubbles in accelerating boiling two-phase flow in order to offer a fundamental data base for modeling the relaxation process of superheated liquid. It is made clear that the macroscopic relaxation inception can be evaluated by a relationship between the integration of liquid superheating by the travelling time and the initial interfacial area density.
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