Effective battery management systems (BMSs) for rechargeable battery systems require reliable measurements of state of charge (SoC), state of health (SOH), and charge capacity. Present internal state ...monitoring techniques are indirect and inferred from long-term measurement of current, open-circuit voltage (OCV), and temperature, which can only give an approximation of charge capacity and often require knowledge of the recent battery history to prevent unacceptable levels of inaccuracy. To improve the performance of the BMS, an alternative method of monitoring the internal state of Li-ion batteries using magnetic sensing is presented. A highly sensitive micromagnetic sensor design is investigated consisting of a single interdigital transducer (IDT) on a piezoelectric substrate, shunt-loaded with a magnetically sensitive giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) microwire. This design makes use of the coupling of the impedance characteristics of the GMI microwire to the IDT transduction process. The sensor can detect magnetic field changes of less than 1 Formula Omitted when operated at or near its peak sensitivity. With an appropriate experimental setup, the proposed sensor is used to monitor the internal state of a Li-ion cell used in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The initial characterization results confirm that the GMI-IDT sensor can be used to directly monitor the charge capacity of the investigated Li-ion battery.
Across three pre‐registered studies with children (ages 4–9) and adults (N = 303), we examined whether how a group is predicted evaluations of how group members should be (i.e., a ...descriptive‐to‐prescriptive tendency), under conditions in which the descriptive group norms entailed beliefs that were fact‐based (Study 1), opinion‐based (Study 2), and ideology‐based (Study 3). Overall, participants tended to disapprove of individuals with beliefs that differed from their group, but the extent of this tendency varied across development and as a function of the belief under consideration (e.g., younger children did not show a descriptive‐to‐prescriptive tendency in the context of facts and ideologies, suggesting that they prioritized truth over group norms). Implications for normative reasoning and ideological polarization are discussed.
Inflation is the leading theory of the first instant of the universe. Inflation, which postulates that the universe underwent a period of rapid expansion an instant after its birth, provides ...convincing explanation for cosmological observations. Recent advancements in detector technology have opened opportunities to explore primordial gravitational waves generated by the inflation through “B-mode” (divergent-free) polarization pattern embedded in the cosmic microwave background anisotropies. If detected, these signals would provide strong evidence for inflation, point to the correct model for inflation, and open a window to physics at ultra-high energies. LiteBIRD is a satellite mission with a goal of detecting degree-and-larger-angular-scale B-mode polarization. LiteBIRD will observe at the second Lagrange point with a 400 mm diameter telescope and 2622 detectors. It will survey the entire sky with 15 frequency bands from 40 to 400 GHz to measure and subtract foregrounds. The US LiteBIRD team is proposing to deliver sub-Kelvin instruments that include detectors and readout electronics. A lenslet-coupled sinuous antenna array will cover low-frequency bands (40–235 GHz) with four frequency arrangements of trichroic pixels. An orthomode-transducer-coupled corrugated horn array will cover high-frequency bands (280–402 GHz) with three types of single frequency detectors. The detectors will be made with transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers cooled to a 100 milli-Kelvin base temperature by an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator. The TES bolometers will be read out using digital frequency multiplexing with Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) amplifiers. Up to 78 bolometers will be multiplexed with a single SQUID amplifier. We report on the sub-Kelvin instrument design and ongoing developments for the LiteBIRD mission.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To estimate risk and relative risk (RR) of acute pancreatitis among patients using incretin-based diabetes therapies (exenatide or sitagliptin) compared to patients treated with ...agents with established safety profiles (metformin or glyburide).
Research design and methods: The study population was derived from a large US commercial health insurance transaction database using an active drug safety surveillance system (i3 Aperio*). This analysis is based on data from June 2005 through June 2008. Cohorts of exenatide and sitagliptin initiators were each matched to an equal number of metformin or glyburide (met/gly) initiators using propensity scores to reduce confounding in the comparison of outcomes during follow-up. Patients with claims suggesting pancreatic disease in the 6 months prior to cohort entry were excluded.
*i3 Drug Safety, Waltham, MA 02451, USA, www.i3aperio.com
Main outcome measure: Claims for hospitalizations associated with a primary diagnosis of acute pancreatitis (ICD-9 577.0).
Results: There were 27 996 exenatide initiators and 16 276 sitagliptin initiators and approximately equal numbers of matched comparators. During follow-up of up to 1 year, acute pancreatitis occurred among 0.13% of patients treated with exenatide and 0.12% of patients treated with sitagliptin. The risk of acute pancreatitis was comparable for initiators of exenatide (RR 1.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6-1.7) and sitagliptin (RR 1.0; 95% CI 0.5-2.0) relative to the comparison cohorts.
Conclusions: These data do not provide evidence for an association of acute pancreatitis among initiators of exenatide or sitagliptin compared to met/gly initiators. These results are limited by the data available in an administrative, healthcare database.
Abstract
We report an improved measurement of the degree-scale cosmic microwave background
B
-mode angular-power spectrum over 670 deg
2
sky area at 150 GHz with P
olarbear
. In the original analysis ...of the data, errors in the angle measurement of the continuously rotating half-wave plate, a polarization modulator, caused significant data loss. By introducing an angle-correction algorithm, the data volume is increased by a factor of 1.8. We report a new analysis using the larger data set. We find the measured
B
-mode spectrum is consistent with the ΛCDM model with Galactic dust foregrounds. We estimate the contamination of the foreground by cross-correlating our data and Planck 143, 217, and 353 GHz measurements, where its spectrum is modeled as a power law in angular scale and a modified blackbody in frequency. We place an upper limit on the tensor-to-scalar ratio
r
< 0.33 at 95% confidence level after marginalizing over the foreground parameters.
Increased soil salinity is a significant agricultural problem that decreases yields for common agricultural crops. Its dynamics require cost and labour effective measurement techniques and widely ...acknowledged methods are not present yet. We investigated the potential of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) remote sensing to measure salt stress in quinoa plants. Three different UAV sensors were used: a WIRIS thermal camera, a Rikola hyperspectral camera and a Riegl VUX-SYS Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) scanner. Several vegetation indices, canopy temperature and LiDAR measured plant height were derived from the remote sensing data and their relation with ground measured parameters like salt treatment, stomatal conductance and actual plant height is analysed. The results show that widely used multispectral vegetation indices are not efficient in discriminating between salt affected and control quinoa plants. The hyperspectral Physiological Reflectance Index (PRI) performed best and showed a clear distinction between salt affected and treated plants. This distinction is also visible for LiDAR measured plant height, where salt treated plants were on average 10 cm shorter than control plants. Canopy temperature was significantly affected, though detection of this required an additional step in analysis – Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) clustering. This step assured temperature comparison for equally vegetated pixels. Data combination of all three sensors in a Multiple Linear Regression model increased the prediction power and for the whole dataset R2 reached 0.46, with some subgroups reaching an R2 of 0.64. We conclude that UAV borne remote sensing is useful for measuring salt stress in plants and a combination of multiple measurement techniques is advised to increase the accuracy.
•UAV mounted remote sensors are capable of salt stress detection in plants.•Canopy temperature is an important proxy parameter for salt stress assessment.•Multispectral indices like NDVI and OSAVI were less useful than hyperspectral PRI.•LiDAR data has an added value for salt stress detection.•Multiple measurement techniques and data integration are increasing accuracy.
Land-use/cover change (LUCC) is a complex process that includes actors and factors at different social and spatial levels. A common approach to analyse and simulate LUCC as the result of individual ...decisions is agent-based modelling (ABM). However, ABM is often applied to simulate processes at local scales, while its application in regional studies is limited. This paper describes first a conceptual framework for ABM to analyse and explore regional LUCC processes. Second, the conceptual framework is represented by combining different concepts including agent typologies, farm trajectories and probabilistic decision-making processes. Finally, the framework is illustrated through a case study in the Netherlands, where processes of farm cessation, farm expansion and farm diversification are shaping the structure of the landscape. The framework is a generic, straightforward approach to analyse and explore regional LUCC with an explicit link to empirical approaches for parameterization of ABM.
Land-change models are increasingly used to explore land-change dynamics, as well as for policy analyses and scenario studies. In this paper we review calibration and validation approaches adopted ...for recently published applications of land-change models. We found that statistical analyses and automated procedures are the two most common calibration approaches, while expert knowledge, manual calibration, and transfer of parameters from other applications are less frequently used. Validation of model results is predominantly based on locational accuracy assessment, while a small fraction of the applications assessed the accuracy of the generated land-use or land-cover patterns. Of the reviewed model applications, thirty-one percent did not report any validation. We argue that to mature as a scientific tool, and to gain credibility for scenario studies and policy assessments, the validation of land-change models requires consideration of challenges posed by uncertainty, complexity, and non-stationarity of land-change processes, and equifinality and multifinality of land-change models.
•We describe a commonly used framework for the development of land-change models•We systematically reviewed the calibration and validation of recent applications•Calibration is mostly based on automated procedures and statistical analyses•Validation is mostly based on location accuracy and much less on pattern accuracy•The experimentation period is often longer than the calibration and validation period
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