Cysticercosis is the most frequent parasitosis of the nervous system and nowadays it is widespread through the world. Despite the development of anticysticercal drugs (praziquantel and albendazole), ...their efficacy is more marked in cases with parenchymal active cysts and they do not prevent complications such as hydrocephalus. Thus, many patients with neurocysticercosis require surgical intervention, generally of palliative nature, but that may occasionally produce a cure. The clinical outcome of 180 patients with cerebral cysticercosis who underwent surgical treatment form 1970 to 1993 was analyzed. Surgical treatment was performed to control increased ICP in 177 patients and due to local compression of cranial nerves or brainstem in five. Some patients had more than one surgical procedure, totalizing 287 interventions. Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) was caused by hydrocephalus in 91%, by intracranial mass lesion (tumoral form) in 6.2% and by pseudotumor cerebri (pseudotumoral form) in 2.8% of the case. Based on the pathophysiological mechanisms of intracranial hypertension identified through conventional CT-scan, ventriculography, cysternotomography, ventriculotomography and MRI, different surgical approaches were indicated. Patients with tumoral form were submitted to direct approach and cyst removal and generally they had benefits from this procedure. Patients with pseudotumoral form whose clinical treatment failure underwent decompressive craniectomies and had a poor outcome (40% of good results). Direct removal of ventricular/cisternal cysts and/or ventriculoatrial/peritoneal shunting (VA/VPS) was performed in patients with hydrocephalus. Removal of free ventricular cysts in patients who had no ependimitis/arachnoiditis generally allowed a good outcome. Patients with adherent cysts and inflammatory process needed a VA/VPS posteriorly and the outcome was not so good. One hundred thirty-two patients were submitted to VA/VPS (109 as the first procedure and 23 after another surgical treatment). The VA/VPS was effective to control increased ICP, despite many complications observed mainly during the two first postoperative years. After this period the surviving patients generally had a better outcome. The patients submitted to cyst removal due to local compression of cranial nerves/brainstem generally had good results. Based on the experience acquired with the management of these patients we present our recent policy for the treatment of patients with neurocisticercosis.
Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS) is attributed to compression of the brachial plexus at the scalene hiatus. Patients with true NTOS (TNTOS) have typical clinical and electrophysiological ...changes and are considered to respond well to surgical treatment, but patients with nonspecific NTOS (NNTOS) have predominantly sensory signs, not well-defined electrophysiological changes, and are thought not to respond favorably to surgical treatment. The postsurgical outcome of patients with cervicobrachialgia diagnosed as TNTOS and as NNTOS is analyzed.
Seven patients with typical electrophysiological features of TNTOS and 11 with nonspecific signs (NNTOS—extraspinal compression of C5-T1) were treated from 1986 to 2001. Age, duration of symptoms, and follow-up were similar in both groups. All patients underwent unilateral (14) or bilateral (4) supraclavicular decompression of the brachial plexus, for a total of 22 procedures. Clinical outcome was evaluated based on sensory and motor signs and on functional capacity. The Mann-Whitney
U test and Fisher exact test were used to compare demographic data and proportions, respectively.
Improvement of pain/paresthesias, sensory loss, atrophy, and muscular weakness after surgery was similar in the two groups. Regarding functional capacity, 57.1% of patients with TNTOS and 63.6% of patients with NNTOS became normal or reacquired their previous condition with slight limitation. Surgery-related complications were paresthesias and paresis in the arm, sympathetic dystrophy, pneumothorax, and lymphatic collections, all in patients with NNTOS.
Patients with NNTOS with electrophysiological signs of extraspinal radicular impairment had the same chances of improvement after surgical treatment as patients with TNTOS.
BACKGROUND: Olfactory groove meningiomas comprise 4-10% of the intracranial meningiomas. Generally they give signs of brain compression due to great size they reach before diagnosis. In this study, ...the clinical outcome of patients with olfactory groove meningiomas surgically treated was analyzed. METHOD: 17 patients operated on from 1988-2006. Female: 16, Male: 1. Age: 19-76 years-old (mean=53.12± 13.11). Follow-up: 1-209 months (mean=51.07±12.73. Bifrontal/bifrontal-bi-orbital approaches were used. Outcome was analyzed using survival/recurrence-free Kaplan-Mayer curves. RESULTS:16 had WHO grade 1; one grade 2 meningiomas. Resection Simpson's grade 1 was in achieved in 64.7%, grade 2 in 29.4% and grade 3 in 5.9%. There was no recurrence during the follow-up. Global and operative mortality were 11.8%. Main postoperative complications were osteomielitis (11.8%) and pneumonia (5.9%). CONCLUSION: Extensive approaches allowed total resection of most olfactory groove meningiomas with no recurrence during the follow-up, but operative mortality and local complications were high.INTRODUÇÃO: Os meningiomas da goteira olfatória constituem 4-10% dos meningiomas intracranianos. Geralmente eles causam sinais de compressão do tronco cerebral porque atingem grandes tamanhos antes do diagnóstico. Neste estudo foram analisadas os resultados do tratamento cirúrgico de pacientes com meningiomas da goteira olfatória. MÉTODO: 17 pacientes operados de 1988-2006. Mulheres: 16. Homens: 1. Idade: 19-76 anos (média=53,12±13,11). Seguimento: 1-209 meses (média=51,07±12,73. Foram utilizados acessos bifrontal/bifrontal bi-orbital. A evolução clinica foi analisada usando curvas de sobrevida e de sobrevida livre de doença de Kaplan-Mayer. RESULTADOS: 16 pacientes tinham meningioma WHO grau 1; um tinha meningioma grau 2. Ressecção Simpson grau 1 foi obtida em 64.7%, grau 2 em 29.4% e grau 3 em 5.9%. Não houve recidiva durante o seguimento. A mortalidade global e a pós-operatória foram 11.8%. As principais complicações pós-operatórias foram osteomielite (11.8%) e pneumonia (5.9%). CONCLUSÃO: Abordagens extensas possibilitaram ressecção total da maioria dos meningiomas da goteira olfatória sem recidiva durante o seguimento, mas a mortalidade operatória e as complicações locais foram altas.
The compromising of the spinal canal by cysticercus is considered infrequent, varying from 16 to 20% in relation to the brain involvement. In the spinal canal the cysticercus predominantly places in ...the subarachnoid space. Clinical signs in spinal cysticercosis can be caused by direct compression of the spinal cord/roots by cisticerci and by local or at distance inflammatory reactions (arachnoiditis). Another mechanism of lesion is degeneration of the spinal cord due to pachymeningitis or circulatory insufficiency. The most frequent clinical features are signs of spinal cord and/or cauda equina compression. The diagnosis of spinal cysticercosis is based on evidence of cerebral cysticercosis and on neuroradiological examinations (myelography and myelo-CT) that show signs of arachnoiditis and images of cysts in the subarachnoid space and sometimes, signs of intramedullary lesions, but the confirmation can only be made through immunological reactions in the CSF or during surgery. The clinical course of 10 patients with diagnosis of spinal cysticercosis observed among 182 patients submitted to surgical treatment due to this diasease are analyzed. The clinical pictures in all cases were signs of spinal cord or roots compression. All but two presented previously signs of brain cysticercosis. Neuroradiological examinations showed signs of arachnoiditis in 4 patients, images of cysts in the subarachnoid space in 5, and signs of arachnoiditis and images of cysts in one. The 6 patients that presented intraspinal cysts were submitted to exeresis of the cysts and 2 patients with total blockage of the spinal canal underwent surgery for diagnosis. The 2 remaining patients with arachnoiditis and blockge of the spinal canal were clinically treated. All of the six patients submitted to cyst exeresis had initial improvement but 4 of them later developed arachnoiditis and recurrence of the clinical signs and only 2 remained well for long-term. The 2 non operated patients had no improvement of their clinical signs. Two patients died later due to complications of cerebral cysticercosis. Based on the experience acquired in the management of these patients we indicate surgical treatment for patients that present free cyst in subarachnoid space. For those who present arachnoiditis, surgery is indicated only when there is doubt in the diagnosis. Intramedullary cysts should also be surgically treated.
O comprometimento do canal raquídeo na neurocisticercose é pouco frequente variando de 1,6 a 20% em relação ao encefálico. No canal raquídeo os cisticercos localizam-se predominantemente no espaço subaracnóideo. As manifestações clínicas da cisticercose raquídea mais frequentes são sinais e sintomas de compressão da medula e/ ou da cauda equina, que podem ser causadas por compressão direta por cisticercos e por reação inflamatória à distância, ou por degeneração da medula por paquimeningite ou por insuficiência circulatória. O diagnóstico da cisticercose raquídea é baseado no antecedente de cisticercose encefálica e nos exames neurorradiológicos (mielografia e mielotomografía) que mostram sinais de aracnoidite e imagens de cistos no espaço subaracnóideo e, ocasionalmente, sinais de lesões intramedulares. Entretanto, estas lesões não são específicas e a confirmação do diagnóstico depende da positividade de reações imunológicas no LCR ou da observação cirúrgica. Neste estudo foram analisadas retrospectivamente as evoluções clínicas de 10 pacientes com cisticercose raquídea observados entre 182 pacientes que necessitaram de tratamento cirúrgico devido à cisticercose do SNC. As manifestações clínicas em todos os casos foram sinais de compressão medular ou da cauda equina. Oito pacientes apresentaram sinais prévios de cisticercose encefálica. Os exames neurorradiológicos mostraram sinais de aracnoidite em 4 pacientes, imagens de cistos no espaço subracnóideo em 5 e sinais de aracnoidite e imagens de cistos em um. Os 6 pacientes que apresentaram cistos raquídeos foram submetidos a exérese de cistos e 2 pacientes com bloqueio total do canal raquídeo foram submetidos a cirurgia para esclarecimento diagnóstico. Os 2 pacientes restantes, com aracnoidite e bloqueio do canal raquídeo, foram tratados clinicamente. Os 6 pacientes submetidos a exérese de cistos apresentaram melhora transitória pós-operatória, mas 4 deles desenvolveram aracnoidite e tiveram recidiva dos sinais clínicos; os outros 2 permanecem bem. Os 2 pacientes não operados não tiveram melhora clínica. Dois pacientes morreram tardiamente devido a complicações da cisticercose encefálica. Basedos na experiência adquirida no tratamento destes pacientes, indicamos cirurgia para os pacientes que apresentam cistos livres no espaço subaracnóideo no canal raquídeo. Para os pacientes que apresentam aracnoidite, a cirurgia é indicada somente quando há dúvida diagnostica. Os pacientes com cisticercos intramedulares também devem ser tratados cirurgicamente.
A study was conducted on the medical records of 353 patients who died of a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and who were submitted to autopsy over the last 10 years. SAH was associated with arterial ...hypertension in 180 (51%) cases, with ruptured aneurysms in 102 (28.9%), and with other pathologies in 71 (20.1%). The patients with hemorrhage associated with arterial hypertension were mostly males, and those with hemorrhage due to aneurysms were mostly females. Of the patients with aneurysms, 36 (35.3%) had aneurysms in the anterior communicating artery, 30 (29.4%) in the internal carotid artery, and 23 (22.6%) in the middle cerebral artery. Among the patients with aneurysms who suffered rebleeding and vasospasm, 59.1% and 61.5%, respectively, were classified as grade I and II upon admission, and all evolved toward grade IV after these complications. Vasospasm predominated from the 3rd to the 10th day after hemorrhage, and rebleeding from the 9 to 16th day and both were most frequent among patients with aneurysms of the anterior communicant artery. Sixty eight percent of the patients with aneurysms died during the first 9 days after hemorrhage. Because of our conduct was to operate systematically late, a considerable number of patients lost the opportunity to be treated surgically with possible favorable evolution due to vasospasm or rebleeding.
A retrospective study was conducted on 42 patients with multiple aneurysms surgically treated from 1975 to 1986. Thirty one of them had 2 aneurysms 6 had 3, 3 had 4 and 2 had 5 (62 in the internal ...carotid, 27 in the middle cerebral artery, 11 in the anterior cerebral and 3 in the basilar artery). All patients had subarachnoid hemorrhage and were classified as follows upon admission: 11, grade I; 12, grade II; 15, grade III, and 4, grade IV, and most of them improved before surgery (29, grade I, 7, grade II, and 6, grade III). In most cases, surgery was delayed and the 42 patients needed 57 craniotomies for clipping the aneurysms. Of the 24 patients with bilateral aneurysms, 15 were operated on both sides (11 are asymptomatic, 1 has hemiparesis, and 3 died later). Of the 9 patients submitted to unilateral craniotomy, 4 died and 5 are alive and well. Of the 18 patients with unilateral aneurysms, 11 are asymptomatic, 2 have hemiparesis, 1 has diplegia and behavioral disorders, and 4 died. Overall mortality was 26.1%, intraoperative mortality was 11.9%, and no mortality occurred among the patients operated over the last 5 years. The management of these patients is discussed.
A observação de lesões múltiplas na tomografia computadorizada do crânio é sempre motivo de preocupação devido à possibilidade frequente de etiologia neoplásica, embora patologias granulomatosas, ...infecto-parasitárias ou não, e acidentes vasculares cerebrais possam produzir lesões semelhantes. Neste trabalho são analisados 5 casos de pacientes que se apresentaram com quadros neurológicos sugestivos de processos expansivos intracranianos e que na tomografia computadorizada mostraram lesões hipercaptantes múltiplas que induziram ao diagnóstico inicial de neoplasia. Em todos os pacientes a complementação diagnóstica e/ou a evolução clínica mostraram a natureza não neoplásica das lesões. Em três pacientes a lesão era inflamatória (um paciente com tuberculomas intracranianos e dois pacientes com neurocisticercose) e os dois pacientes restantes apresentavam infartos cerebrais múltiplos, sem outro substrato. O conhecimento das várias patologias que ocasionam lesões múltiplas na tomografia computadorizada do crânio permite o direcionamento do diagnóstico etiológico que é fundamental para o tratamento adequado, evitando-se a irradiação de lesões não neoplásicas e cirúrgicas desnecessárias. Portanto, especialmente em nosso meio, as doenças granulomatosas parasitárias, principalmente a neurocisticercose, a tuberculose e as micoses profundas, devem constar do diagnóstico diferencial das lesões múltiplas intracranianas observadas na tomografia computadorizada, juntamente com os infartos cerebrais e as neoplasias.
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