The (4
×
2) epitaxial InAs(0
0
1) surface grown by molecular beam epitaxy and subjected to different surface treatments, namely amorphous As-de-capping and ion-bombardment annealing (IBA), is ...investigated by high-resolution angular-resolved UV photoelectron spectroscopy. Both treatments produce a semiconducting surface, ruling out the presence of metallic In aggregates. Binding energy shifts of 0.2–0.3
eV are measured for the valence-band levels of the IBA surface with respect to the de-capped surface, implying an important influence of the surface treatment on the subsurface region. The line-shape of the In-4d core levels, which consists of two different In-related surface doublets, is discussed in view of the recently proposed structural models based on dimers formation.
In A Simple Heart, DOGMA (Pier Vittorio Aureli and Martino Tattara) develops an archetype for the contemporary European city. An ‘Edufactory’ of 22 residential units, it has its direct antecedent in ...Cedric Price's Potteries Thinkbelt (1964–6) project that proposed transforming a redundant railway network in North Staffordshire into a university campus.
In the present work we present a compact model, oriented to the SPICE-like simulation, that pictures the electrical behavior of integrated resistors fabricated in CMOS technologies. The model ...accounts for the main electrical features of integrated resistors such as the depletion effects, the head resistance contribution, the velocity saturation and the temperature behavior also including possible self-heating phenomena. It has been validated by considering a wide fan of integrated resistors: n-and p-type, diffused, poly silicon devices. It could be a precious tool for design in analog application, where a very accurate description of the electrical behavior is needed.
Aggression and competition are customarily presented as the natural state of affairs in both human society and the animal kingdom. Yet, as this book shows, our species relies heavily on cooperation ...for survival as do many others--from wolves and dolphins to monkeys and apes. A distinguished group of fifty-two authors, including many of the world's leading experts on human and animal behavior, review evidence from multiple disciplines on natural conflict resolution, making the case that reconciliation and compromise are as much a part of our heritage as is waging war. Chimpanzees kiss and embrace after a fight. Children will appeal to fairness when fighting over a toy. Spotted hyenas, usually thought to be a particularly aggressive species, use reconciliation to restore damaged relationships. As these studies show, there are sound evolutionary reasons for these peacekeeping tendencies. This book also addresses the cultural, ecological, cognitive, emotional, and moral perspectives of conflict resolution.
Most countries have been struggling with the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic imposing social isolation on their citizens. However, this measure carried risks for people's mental health. This study ...evaluated the psychological repercussions of objective isolation in 1,006 Italians during the first, especially strict, lockdown in spring 2020. Although varying for the regional spread-rate of the contagion, results showed that the longer the isolation and the less adequate the physical space where people were isolated, the worse the mental health (e.g., depression). Offline social contacts buffered the association between social isolation and mental health. However, when offline contacts were limited, online contacts seemed crucial in protecting mental health. The findings inform about the potential downsides of the massive social isolation imposed by COVID-19 spread, highlighting possible risk factors and resources to account for implementing such isolation measures. Specifically, besides some known factors such as physical space availability, the local contagion rate is critical in moderating the link between social isolation and mental health issues, supporting national policies implementing regional tiers of restriction severity.
Social complexity from within Aureli, Filippo; Schino, Gabriele
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology,
01/2019, Letnik:
73, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We argue that the study of social complexity can follow two different approaches, based on how it is seen from the outside or on how it is experienced from within. Recent focus has been on the former ...with social complexity emerging from the interactions of group members. Here, we take the view from within and deal with the social complexity that individual group members may experience, exploring complexity arising from aspects of the social structure and social organization. We review a variety of sources of social complexity in terms of variation between and within social relationships, variation in opportunities to interact with different group members, and the role of third parties. We then examine how individuals can cope with the social complexity they face. We conclude that a refined view of social relationships at different levels is needed to study the social complexity faced by individual group members and emphasize the potential contribution of the view from within to the study of social complexity and cognition.
The Machiavellian Intelligence or Social Brain Hypothesis explains the evolution of increased brain size as mainly driven by living in complex organized social systems
1–4 in which individuals ...represent “moving targets” who can adopt multiple strategies to respond to one another
5. Frequently splitting and merging in subgroups of variable composition (fission-fusion or FF dynamics) has been proposed as one aspect of social complexity (
2, 6–9; compare with
10) that may be associated with an enhancement of cognitive skills like inhibition
11, which allows the suppression of prepotent but ineffective responses in a changing social environment
7. We compared the performance of primates experiencing high levels of FF dynamics (chimpanzees, bonobos, orangutans, and spider monkeys) to that of species living in more cohesive groups (gorillas, capuchin monkeys, and long-tailed macaques)
12–13 on five inhibition tasks. Testing species differing in diet, phylogenetic relatedness, and levels of FF dynamics allowed us to contrast ecological, phylogenetic, and socioecological explanations for interspecific differences. Spider monkeys performed at levels comparable to chimpanzees, bonobos, and orangutans, and better than gorillas. A two-cluster analysis grouped all species with higher levels of FF dynamics together. These findings confirmed that enhanced inhibitory skills are positively associated with FF dynamics, more than to phylogenetic relations or feeding ecology.
ABSTRACT
Reciprocity is probably the most debated of the evolutionary explanations for cooperation. Part of the confusion surrounding this debate stems from a failure to note that two different ...processes can result in reciprocity: partner control and partner choice. We suggest that the common observation that group‐living animals direct their cooperative behaviours preferentially to those individuals from which they receive most cooperation is to be interpreted as the result of the sum of the two separate processes of partner control and partner choice. We review evidence that partner choice is the prevalent process in primates and propose explanations for this pattern. We make predictions that highlight the need for studies that separate the effects of partner control and partner choice in a broader variety of group‐living taxa.
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