In Croatia, the majority of the common bean production is based on local landraces, grown by small-scale farmers in low input production systems. Landraces are adapted to the specific growing ...conditions and agro-environments and show a great morphological diversity. These local landraces are in danger of genetic erosion caused by complex socio-economic changes in rural communities. The low profitability of farms and their small size, the advanced age of farmers and the replacement of traditional landraces with modern bean cultivars and/or other more profitable crops have been identified as the major factors affecting genetic erosion. Three hundred accessions belonging to most widely used landraces were evaluated by phaseolin genotyping and microsatellite marker analysis. A total of 183 different multi-locus genotypes in the panel of 300 accessions were revealed using 26 microsatellite markers. Out of 183 accessions, 27.32% were of Mesoamerican origin, 68.31% of Andean, while 4.37% of accessions represented putative hybrids between gene pools. Accessions of Andean origin were further classified into phaseolin type II ("H" or "C") and III ("T"), the latter being more frequent. A model-based cluster analysis based on microsatellite markers revealed the presence of three clusters in congruence with the results of phaseolin type analysis.
Common bean is one of the most cultivated and consumed grain legumes worldwide, showing a high level of genetic diversity. Here is presented a detailed review of development and mapping of simple ...sequence repeats (SSRs, microsatellite markers) in the common bean. In the last 25 years, common bean has been the subject of numerous genetic studies, in which the identification and use of SSRs were conducted, and lead to the development of genetic maps. First genetic maps of common bean have been developed in the 1990s and were based on different molecular markers, and included domestication genes and important agronomic traits. Later, SSRs allowed the genetic mapping of more narrow crosses that are often of interest in plant breeding. Most genetic maps have been correlated with the core map established in the recombinant inbred population BAT93 x Jalo EEP558, and includes different markers, RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism), RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA), AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism), and SSRs in particular. More than 2,000 SSR markers are available for the common bean and they are an important tool to evaluate the genetic diversity of common bean landraces. SSRs are also useful to evaluate intra-specific diversity within the genus Phaseolus. Keywords: common bean, genetic diversity, genetic maps, microsatellite markers Grah je jedna od najvise uzgajanih i najvise koristenih zrnatih mahunarki u svijetu koja ima visoku razinu genetske raznolikosti. U ovom radu je prikazan detaljan pregled razvoja i kartiranja mikrosatelitnih biljega (SSR, ponavljajuce jednostavne sekvence) kod graha. U posljednjih 25 godina, grah je bio predmetom brojnih genetskih istrazivanja u kojima je provedena identifikacija i upotreba SSR-ova sto je dovelo do razvoja genetskih karata. Prve genetske karte graha su razvijene u 1990-ima i bile su bazirane na razlicitim molekularnim biljezima, a ukljucivale su gene koji su povezani uz udomacenje i vazna agronomska svojstva. Kasnije su SSR-ovi omogucili genetsko kartiranje krizanaca koji su cesto od interesa u oplemenjivanju bilja. Vecina genetskih karata povezana je s osnovnom genetskom kartom uspostavljenom na rekombinantnoj inbred liniji BAT93 x Jalo EEP558, koja ukljucuje razlicite biljege kao sto su RFLP (polimorfizam duzine restrikcijskih ulomaka), RAPD (nasumicno umnozena polimorfna DNA), AFLP (polimorfizam duzine umnozenih ulomaka) te SSR-ove. Vise od 2 000 SSR biljega je dostupno za grah i oni su vazan alat za procjenu genetske raznolikosti tradicijskih kultivara graha. SSR-ovi su takoder korisni za procjenu unutarvrsne raznolikosti unutar roda Phaseolus. Kljucne rijeci: grah, genetska raznolikost, genetske karte, mikrosatelitni biljezi
The Roma (Gypsies) are a transnational minority, founder population characterized by unique genetic background modeled by culturally determined endogamy. The present study explores whether the widely ...found cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk effects of ACE I/D, APOE (ε2, ε3, ε4), eNOS-VNTR and LEP G2548A polymorphisms can be replicated in this specific population.
The community-based study was carried on 208 adult Bayash Roma living in rural settlements of eastern and northern Croatia. Risk effect of four CVD candidate polymorphisms are related to the most prominent classical CVD risk phenotypes: obesity indicators (body mass index and waist circumference), hypertension and hyperlipidemia (triglycerides, HDL and LDL cholesterol). For all of them the standard risk cut-offs were applied. The extent to which the phenotypic status is related to genotype was assessed by logistic regression analysis. The strongest associations were found for ε2 allele of the APOE as a predictor of waist circumference (OR 3.301; 95%CI 1.254-8.688; p = 0.016) as well as for BMI (OR 3.547; 95%CI 1.471-8.557; p = 0.005). It is notable that ε3 allele of APOE gene turned out to be a protective genetic factor determining low lipid levels.
The strength of the relation and the similarity of the results obtained for both tested indicators of obesity provide firm evidence that APOE plays an important role in obesity development in the Roma population.
Leptin, a possible mediator between energy homeostasis, inflammation and cardiovascular disease (CVD), acts via leptin receptors. We investigated association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) ...and haplotypes of the leptin receptor gene (LEPR) with several CVD risk factors: body mass index, waist circumference (WC), serum lipids, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein levels. Thirty-one SNPs in and near LEPR gene were analyzed in 986 inhabitants of the island of Vis, Croatia and 29 SNPs in the inland sample (N=499). We assessed linkage disequilibrium (LD), SNP and haplotype associations with the selected phenotypes. rs4291477 significantly associated with fibrinogen (P=0.003) and rs7539471 marginally significantly with high-density lipoprotein (P=0.004), but only in the Vis sample, while rs10493384 marginally significantly associated with triglyceride levels (P=0.006) in the inland sample. SNPs were grouped into eight LD blocks in Vis and in seven blocks in the inland population. Haplotype A-C-A-A-G-A in block 5 in Vis (rs1782754, rs1171269, rs1022981, rs6673324, rs3790426, rs10493380) and haplotype A-A-A-A in block 4 in the inland data (rs1782754, rs1022981, rs6673324, rs1137100) were nominally associated with WC, P=7.085 × 10(-22) (adjusted P=0.0979) and P=5.496 × 10(-144) (adjusted P=0.1062), respectively.
To assess how specific population history, different migration routes, isolation, and endogamy practices contributed to the distribution of several rare diseases found in specific Roma groups, we ...conducted a population-based research study of rare disease mutations in Croatian Vlax Roma. We tested a total of 427 subjects from Baranja and Međimurje for the presence of four mutations causing hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type Lom (HMSNL), GM1 gangliosidosis (GM1), congenital cataracts, facial dysmorphism and neuropathy (CCFDN), and limb girdle muscle dystrophy type 2C (LGMD2C), using the RFLP-PCR method to estimate carrier frequencies. We identified a total of four individuals heterozygous for the mutation causing HMSNL in the Baranja population, with a carrier rate amounting to 1.5%. Carriers for other three mutations causing GM1, CCFDN, and LGMD2C were not found in our sample. The carrier rate for the HMSNL mutation in Baranja is lower than in other Vlax Roma groups. In addition, distinct differences in carrier rates between the Croatian Vlax groups point to different genetic history, despite their belonging to the same Roma migration category and subgroup. The difference in carrier rates is either the result of admixture or the reflection of a greater extent of genetic drift since recent founding, maintained by a high degree of endogamy.
► CVD risks in the Roma are primarily related to smoking habit and high glucose level. ► The women bear additional CVD risks load related to obesity and triglycerides level. ► Obesity among the ...younger contrasts low overall CVD risks in the oldest age group. ► Increase of CVD in the Roma is expected along with modernization of their lifestyle.
The Roma (Gypsy) are the largest European minority population characterized by poverty, social exclusion as well as by numerous life-style and cultural specificities, which all could have an adverse impact on their cardiovascular health. This study assesses the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk factors in community-based sample of 430 adult Roma, living in rural area of Croatia, by providing the actual and age-adjusted estimates using the European standard population. The most prominent classical CVD risk phenotypes (blood pressure, obesity, smoking, glucose and lipid profile) were selected, and the standard risk cut-offs were applied. The study has shown that compared to general population of Croatia, the Roma population bears a high CVD risk factors load related to smoking and high glucose level. The CVD risk factors prevalence in Roma also showed important sex and age patterns, the most imposing of which are the findings of higher prevalence of CVD risks in women (especially obesity and triglyceride levels) and the trend of higher body mass index (BMI) level in younger age group (18–34 years) which both stand in contrast to the trends characterizing the general population of Croatia. These findings are complemented by the trend of decreased risk in the oldest age group (65+ years) for all investigated CVD risk factors (with exception of triglycerides level) compared to the 50–64 age group. We conclude that the age and sex CVD risks pattern point to the health transition of this rural Roma population. As we expect the proportion of CVD in the Roma minority of Croatia to increase in the future along with further modernization of their lifestyle, the CVD prevention measures in this population are urgent and should be primarily targeted at women and at the younger segment of this population.
U ovom radu je na temelju 7 mikrosatelitnih lokusa (DXS983, DXS8037, DXS8092, DXS1225, DXS8082, DXS1066 i DXS986) kromosoma X u osoba muškog spola analizirana genetička struktura triju romskih ...populacija u Hrvatskoj koje pripadaju različitim migracijskim i jezičnim skupinama. Populacije vlaških Roma iz Međimurja i Baranje (N=156) govore arhaičnim starorumunjskim jezikom ljimba d’bjaš, a populacija balkanskih Roma govori jezikom romani-chib (N=50). Rezultati pokazuju statistički značajnu razliku između genetički najhomogenije romske populacije Međimurja s populacijama Baranje i Zagreba. Najniža raznolikost uočena je na lokusu DXS8092, a najveća na lokusu DXS986 u populacija iz Baranje i Međimurja te lokusu DXS8037 u populaciji iz Zagreba. Analiza neravnoteže vezanosti gena pokazuje da je stupanj neravnoteže vezanosti gena najveći u populaciji iz Međimurja a najmanji u populaciji iz Zagreba. Rezultati provedenih analiza ukazuju na moguće rano odvajanje sve tri istraživane romske populacije, unatoč tome što populacije Međimurja i Baranje pripadaju istoj migracijskoj i jezičnoj skupini.
In this PhD thesis 7 X-chromosome microsatellite loci (DXS983, DXS8037, DXS8092, DXS1225, DXS8082, DXS1066 and DXS986) were analyzed in Roma males from three populations in Croatia, who belong to different migration and dialect groups. Two populations of Vlax Roma from Međimurje and Baranja (N=156) speak the archaic Romanian dialect ljimba d’bjaš, while the Balkan Roma from Zagreb speak romani-chib (N=50). Results show statistically significant difference between population of Međimurje and other two populations. DXS8092 showed lowest diversity values in all three populations, while DXS986 showed highest diversity values in Baranja and Međimurje populations and DXS8037 in Zagreb populations. Linkage disequilibrium analyses showed that Međimurje populations has the highest number of pair loci in disequilibrium while Zagreb population has the least. Results point to possible early separation of all three investigated populations, despite the fact that Međimurje and Baranja populations belong to same migration category and speak the same dialect.
Common bean is one of the most cultivated and consumed grain legumes worldwide, showing a high level of genetic diversity. Here is presented a detailed review of development and mapping of simple ...sequence repeats (SSRs, microsatellite markers) in the common bean. In the last 25 years, common bean has been the subject of numerous genetic studies, in which the identification and use of SSRs were conducted, and lead to the development of genetic maps. First genetic maps of common bean have been developed in the 1990s and were based on different molecular markers, and included domestication genes and important agronomic traits. Later, SSRs allowed the genetic mapping of more narrow crosses that are often of interest in plant breeding. Most genetic maps have been correlated with the core map established in the recombinant inbred population BAT93 x Jalo EEP558, and includes different markers, RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism), RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA), AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism), and SSRs in particular. More than 2,000 SSR markers are available for the common bean and they are an important tool to evaluate the genetic diversity of common bean landraces. SSRs are also useful to evaluate intra-specific diversity within the genus Phaseolus.
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