Euclid preparation Tereno, I.; Dupac, X.; Gómez-Álvarez, P. ...
Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin),
06/2022, Letnik:
662
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Euclid
is a mission of the European Space Agency that is designed to constrain the properties of dark energy and gravity via weak gravitational lensing and galaxy clustering. It will carry out a wide ...area imaging and spectroscopy survey (the
Euclid
Wide Survey: EWS) in visible and near-infrared bands, covering approximately 15 000 deg
2
of extragalactic sky in six years. The wide-field telescope and instruments are optimised for pristine point spread function and reduced stray light, producing very crisp images. This paper presents the building of the
Euclid
reference survey: the sequence of pointings of EWS, deep fields, and calibration fields, as well as spacecraft movements followed by
Euclid
as it operates in a step-and-stare mode from its orbit around the Lagrange point L2. Each EWS pointing has four dithered frames; we simulated the dither pattern at the pixel level to analyse the effective coverage. We used up-to-date models for the sky background to define the
Euclid
region-of-interest (RoI). The building of the reference survey is highly constrained from calibration cadences, spacecraft constraints, and background levels; synergies with ground-based coverage were also considered. Via purposely built software, we first generated a schedule for the calibrations and deep fields observations. On a second stage, the RoI was tiled and scheduled with EWS observations, using an algorithm optimised to prioritise the best sky areas, produce a compact coverage, and ensure thermal stability. The result is the optimised reference survey RSD_2021A, which fulfils all constraints and is a good proxy for the final solution. The current EWS covers ≈14 500 deg
2
. The limiting AB magnitudes (5
σ
point-like source) achieved in its footprint are estimated to be 26.2 (visible band
I
E
) and 24.5 (for near infrared bands
Y
E
,
J
E
,
H
E
); for spectroscopy, the H
α
line flux limit is 2 × 10
−16
erg
−1
cm
−2
s
−1
at 1600 nm; and for diffuse emission, the surface brightness limits are 29.8 (visible band) and 28.4 (near infrared bands) mag arcsec
−2
.
We show that the features of the recent astrophysically motivated model by Granato et al. are fully consistent with the available statistical measurements of galaxies at (sub)millimetre wavelengths. ...We quantitatively predict the impact of this scenario on near-future cosmological observations dealing with spatial and flux statistical distribution of (sub)millimetre galaxies. We show that the expected angular correlation function of spheroids is compatible with available data. We compute the expected power spectrum of fluctuations due to clustering at the frequencies of the High Frequency Instrument (HFI) on ESA's Planck satellite: the clustering signal is found to be detectable in regions of low interstellar dust emission. A further distinctive prediction of the adopted model is a remarkably high fraction of gravitationally lensed sources at bright millimetre/submillimetre fluxes. In fact, since most spheroids burn at redshift z≃ 2–3 according to the adopted model, gravitational lensing amplifies a significant number of high-z forming spheroidal galaxies, which will be detectable by large-area, shallow surveys at millimetre/submillimetre wavelengths, such as those carried out by Planck/HFI. Allowing for other source populations, we find that the fraction of gravitationally lensed millimetre/submillimetre sources at fluxes >100 mJy is expected to be up to ≃40 per cent.
Planck intermediate results Adam, R; Aghanim, N; Ashdown, M ...
Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin),
12/2016, Letnik:
596
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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We investigate constraints on cosmic reionization extracted from the Planck cosmic microwave background (CMB) data. We combine the Planck CMB anisotropy data in temperature with the low-multipole ...polarization data to fit LambdaCDM models with various parameterizations of the reionization history. We obtain a Thomson optical depth tau= 0.058 + or - 0.012 for the commonly adopted instantaneous reionization model. This confirms, with data solely from CMB anisotropies, the low value suggested by combining Planck 2015 results with other data sets, and also reduces the uncertainties. We reconstruct the history of the ionization fraction using either a symmetric or an asymmetric model for the transition between the neutral and ionized phases. To determine better constraints on the duration of the reionization process, we also make use of measurements of the amplitude of the kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich (kSZ) effect using additional information from the high-resolution Atacama Cosmology Telescope and South Pole Telescope experiments. The average redshift at which reionization occurs is found to lie between z= 7.8 and 8.8, depending on the model of reionization adopted. Using kSZ constraints and a redshift-symmetric reionization model, we find an upper limit to the width of the reionization period of Deltaz< 2.8. In all cases, we find that the Universe is ionized at less than the 10% level at redshifts above z = 10. This suggests that an early onset of reionization is strongly disfavoured by the Planck data. We show that this result also reduces the tension between CMB-based analyses and constraints from other astrophysical sources.
Planck 2015 results Ade, P A R; Aumont, J; Baccigalupi, C ...
Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin),
10/2016, Letnik:
594
Journal Article
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We present the current accounting of systematic effect uncertainties for the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) that are relevant to the 2015 release of the Planck cosmological results, showing the ...robustness and consistency of our data set, especially for polarization analysis. We use two complementary approaches: (i) simulations based on measured data and physical models of the known systematic effects; and (ii) analysis of difference maps containing the same sky signal ("null-maps"). The LFI temperature data are limited by instrumental noise. At large angular scales the systematic effects are below the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature power spectrum by several orders of magnitude. In polarization the systematic uncertainties are dominated by calibration uncertainties and compete with the CMB E-modes in the multipole range 10-20. Based on our model of all known systematic effects, we show that these effects introduce a slight bias of around 0.2sigma on the reionization optical depth derived from the 70GHz EE spectrum using the 30 and 353GHz channels as foreground templates. At 30GHz the systematic effects are smaller than the Galactic foreground at all scales in temperature and polarization, which allows us to consider this channel as a reliable template of synchrotron emission. We assess the residual uncertainties due to LFI effects on CMB maps and power spectra after component separation and show that these effects are smaller than the CMB amplitude at all scales. We also assess the impact on non-Gaussianity studies and find it to be negligible. Some residuals still appear in null maps from particular sky survey pairs, particularly at 30 GHz, suggesting possible straylight contamination due to an imperfect knowledge of the beam far sidelobes.
We discuss an approach to the component separation of microwave, multifrequency sky maps as those typically produced from cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy data sets. The algorithm is ...based on the two-step, parametric, likelihood-based technique recently elaborated on by Eriksen et al., where the foreground spectral parameters are estimated prior to the actual separation of the components. In contrast with the previous approaches, we accomplish the former task with help of an analytically derived likelihood function for the spectral parameters, which, we show, yields estimates equal to the maximum likelihood values of the full multidimensional data problem. We then use these estimates to perform the second step via the standard, generalized-least-squares-like procedure. We demonstrate that the proposed approach is equivalent to a direct maximization of the full data likelihood, which is recast in a computationally tractable form. We use the corresponding curvature matrices to characterize statistical properties of the recovered parameters. We incorporate in the formalism some of the essential features of the CMB data sets, such as inhomogeneous pixel domain noise, unknown map offsets as well as calibration errors and study their consequences for the separation. We find that the calibration is likely to have a dominant effect on the precision of the spectral parameter determination for a realistic CMB experiment. We apply the algorithm to simulated data and discuss the results. Our focus is on partial sky, total intensity and polarization, CMB experiments such as planned balloon-borne and ground-based efforts, however, the techniques presented here should be also applicable to the full-sky data as for instance, those produced by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) satellite and anticipated from the Planck mission.
High redshift galaxies and quasi stellar objects (QSOs) are most likely to be strongly lensed by intervening haloes between the source and the observer. In addition, a large fraction of lensed ...sources is expected to be seen in the submillimetre region, as a result of the enhanced magnification bias on the steep intrinsic number counts. We extend in three directions Blain's earlier study of this effect. First, we use a modification of the Press–Schechter mass function and detailed lens models to compute the magnification probability distribution. We compare the magnification cross sections of populations of singular isothermal spheres and Navarro, Frenk & White (NFW) haloes and find that they are very similar, in contrast to the image splitting statistics which were recently investigated in other studies. The distinction between the two types of density profile is therefore irrelevant for our purposes. Secondly, we discuss quantitatively the maximum magnification, μmax, that can be achieved for extended sources (galaxies) with realistic luminosity profiles, taking into account the possible ellipticity of the lensing potential. We find that μmax plausibly falls into the range for sources of effective radius at redshifts within . Thirdly, we apply our model for the lensing magnification to a class of sources following the luminosity evolution typical for a unified scheme of QSO formation. As a result of the peculiar steepness of their intrinsic number counts, we find that the lensed source counts at a fiducial wave length of 850μm can exceed the unlensed counts by several orders of magnitude at flux densities ≳100mJy, even with a conservative choice of the maximum magnification.
We investigate the statistical properties of the polarized emission of extragalactic radio sources and estimate their contribution to the power spectrum of polarization fluctuations in the microwave ...region. The basic ingredients of our analysis are the NVSS polarization data, the multifrequency study of polarization properties of the B3-VLA sample (Mack et al. 2002) which has allowed us to quantify Faraday depolarization effects, and the 15 GHz survey by Taylor et al. (2001), which has provided strong constraints on the high-frequency spectral indices of sources. The polarization degree of both steep- and flat-spectrum sources at 1.4 GHz is found to be anti-correlated with the flux density. The median polarization degree at 1.4 GHz of both steep- and flat-spectrum sources brighter than $S(1.4\,\hbox{GHz})=80\,$mJy is $\simeq$ $2.2\%$. The data by Mack et al. (2002) indicate a substantial mean Faraday depolarization at 1.4 GHz for steep spectrum sources, while the depolarization is undetermined for most flat/inverted-spectrum sources. Exploiting this complex of information we have estimated the power spectrum of polarization fluctuations due to extragalactic radio sources at microwave frequencies. We confirm that extragalactic sources are expected to be the main contaminant of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) polarization maps on small angular scales. At frequencies <30 GHz the amplitude of their power spectrum is expected to be comparable to that of the E-mode of the CMB. At higher frequencies, however, the CMB dominates.
Making maps from Planck LFI 30 GHz data Ashdown, M. A. J.; Baccigalupi, C.; Balbi, A. ...
Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin),
08/2007, Letnik:
471, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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This paper is one of a series describing the performance and accuracy of map-making codes as assessed by the Planck CTP working group. We compare the performance of multiple codes written by ...different groups for making polarized maps from Planck-sized, all-sky cosmic microwave background (CMB) data. Three of the codes are based on a destriping algorithm, whereas the other three are implementations of a maximum-likelihood algorithm. Previous papers in the series described simulations at 100 GHz (Poutanen et al. 2006, A&A, 449, 1311) and 217 GHz (Ashdown et al. 2007, A&A, 467, 761). In this paper we make maps (temperature and polarisation) from the simulated one-year observations of four 30 GHz detectors of Planck Low Frequency Instrument (LFI). We used Planck Level S simulation pipeline to produce the observed time-ordered-data streams (TOD). Our previous studies considered polarisation observations for the CMB only. For this paper we increased the realism of the simulations and included polarized galactic foregrounds in our sky model, which is based on the version 0.1 of the Planck reference sky. Our simulated TODs comprised dipole, CMB, diffuse galactic emissions, extragalactic radio sources, and detector noise. The strong subpixel signal gradients arising from the foreground signals couple to the output map through the map-making and cause an error (signal error) in the maps. Destriping codes have smaller signal error than the maximum-likelihood codes. We examined a number of schemes to reduce this error. On the other hand, the maximum-likelihood map-making codes can produce maps with lower residual noise than destriping codes.
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