Variable-Frame Level-n Theory Bacharach, Michael; Stahl, Dale O.
Games and economic behavior,
08/2000, Letnik:
32, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
We develop a boundedly rational version of variable frame theory by merging the variable-frame concept with level-n theory. Variable frame theory assumes that a player's options are determined by a ...set of attributes (her “frame”), which induce a partition of the action set. Schelling competence emerges by combining frame-induced options with unbounded rationality and with payoff-dominance and symmetry disqualification. The weak empirical evidence for these assumptions motivates variable frame level-n theory, which predicts the Schelling competence by combining a nonrational level-0 tendency with reasoning by higher-level players. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: B41, C70.
The American Board of Vascular Medicine (ABVM) was conceived through the Society for Vascular Medicine and this year will complete 10 years of certifying physicians who practice vascular medicine and ...endovascular medicine. The value of certification to our physicians, patients, and field cannot be understated. This paper reviews the highlights of the test development process, quality assurance measures, and management of these high stakes examinations.
Abstract Background Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a noninflammatory arterial disease that predominantly affects women. The arterial manifestations may include beading, stenosis, aneurysm, ...dissection, or tortuosity. Objectives This study compared the frequency, location, and outcomes of FMD patients with aneurysm and/or dissection to those of patients without. Methods The U.S. Registry for FMD involves 12 clinical centers. This analysis included clinical history, diagnostic, and therapeutic procedure results for 921 FMD patients enrolled in the registry as of October 17, 2014. Results Aneurysm occurred in 200 patients (21.7%) and dissection in 237 patients (25.7%); in total, 384 patients (41.7%) had an aneurysm and/or a dissection by the time of FMD diagnosis. The extracranial carotid, renal, and intracranial arteries were the most common sites of aneurysm; dissection most often occurred in the extracranial carotid, vertebral, renal, and coronary arteries. FMD patients with dissection were younger at presentation (48.4 vs. 53.5 years of age, respectively; p < 0.0001) and experienced more neurological symptoms and other end-organ ischemic events than those without dissection. One-third of aneurysm patients (63 of 200) underwent therapeutic intervention for aneurysm repair. Conclusions Patients with FMD have a high prevalence of aneurysm and/or dissection prior to or at the time of FMD diagnosis. Patients with dissection were more likely to experience ischemic events, and a significant number of patients with dissection or aneurysm underwent therapeutic procedures for these vascular events. Because of the high prevalence and associated morbidity in patients with FMD who have an aneurysm and/or dissection, it is recommended that every patient with FMD undergo one-time cross-sectional imaging from head to pelvis with computed tomographic angiography or magnetic resonance angiography.
We describe a complex case of ascending aortic pseudoaneurysm after open repair of ascending aortic aneurysm and aortic valve replacement. Although treatment was complicated due to intra-operative ...graft migration, the patient was successfully treated with endovascular technique.
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) may cause hypertension, azotemia, episodes of flash pulmonary edema and congestive heart failure. Renal artery angioplasty and stenting was performed in 207 patients from ...1991 to 1997. Thirty-nine of these patients (19%) underwent renal artery stenting for the control of recurrent episodes of congestive heart failure and flash pulmonary edema. All patients had angiographic evidence of severe (>70%) bilateral RAS (n = 18) or severe RAS to a solitary functioning kidney (n = 21).
Sixteen patients (41%) were male and 23 (59%) were female, mean age 69.9 years (range 50- 85 years). Of the 18 patients with bilateral RAS, 12 (66.6%) underwent bilateral stenting. Mean blood pressure decreased from 174/85 6 32/23 mmHg to 148/72 6 24/14 mmHg (p < 0.001). Mean number of blood pressure medications decreased from 3 6 1 to 2.5 6 1 (p = 0.006). Twenty-eight patients (71.8%) had improvement in blood pressure control. The mean serum creatinine decreased from 3.16 6 1.61 to 2.65 6 1.87 (p = 0.06). Six of 39 patients (15.4%) used angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors prior to stenting whereas 19 of 39 patients (48.7%) used ACE inhibitors poststenting (p = 0.004). Twenty of 39 patients (51.4%) demonstrated improvement in serum creatinine, 10 of 39 patients (25.6%) had stabilization of serum creatinine and nine of 39 patients (23%) demonstrated worsening. The number of hospitalizations due to congestive heart failure in the year preceding renal artery stenting was 2.4 6 1.4 and poststenting was 0.3 6 0.7 (p < 0.001). The New York Heart Association Functional Class decreased from 2.9 6 0.9 prestenting to 1.6 6 0.9 poststenting (p < 0.001). Thirty of 39 patients (77%) had no hospitalizations for congestive heart failure during a mean follow-up period of 21.3 months. Nine patients expired during the course of follow up; eight of the nine patients died within the first year after renal artery stenting.
Renal artery stenting decreased the frequency of congestive heart failure, flash pulmonary edema, and the need for hospitalization in most patients. Blood pressure was markedly improved in the majority of patients with improved or stabilized renal function. Evaluation for RAS is important in hypertensive patients who present with recurrent congestive heart failure or flash pulmonary edema.
All Patients N=615 No. (%) Male N=52 No. (%) Female N=563 No. (%) P-value Age at diagnosis (mean ± SD) 51.9±13.5 52.1±16.6 51.9±13.1 0.94 Family history of aneurysm 105/493 (21.3) 9/42 (21.4) 96/451 ...(21.3) 1.0 Family history of dissection 10/474 (2.1) 1/39 (2.6) 9/435 (2.1) 0.58 Presenting Signs or Symptoms
A person is said to be 'trust responsive' if she fulfils trust because she believes the truster trusts her. The experiment we report was designed to test for trust responsiveness and its robustness ...across payoff structures, and to discriminate it from other possible factors making for trustworthiness, including perceived kindness, perceived need and inequality aversion. We elicit the truster's confidence that the trustee will fulfil, and the trustee's belief about the truster's confidence after the trustee receives evidence relevant to this. We find evidence of strong trust responsiveness. We also find that perceptions of kindness and of need increase trust responsiveness, and that they do so only in conjunction with trust responsiveness. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
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