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Anisotropic palladium–poly(ionic liquid) catalyst membranes have been prepared by complexation of palladium(II) chloride to poly(ionic liquid) functionalised flexible porous ...substrates. The practical viability of these low loading (sub 0.1 mol%) palladium catalyst membranes for continuous flow reactions at ambient temperature is demonstrated for the Suzuki–Miyaura carbon–carbon coupling reaction by contacting the reactant mixture with the catalyst membrane and applying sonication. The Suzuki–Miyaura carbon–carbon coupling reaction proceeds at the palladium–poly(ionic liquid) catalyst membrane surface in conjunction with selective permeation (separation) of the desired product species through the underlying porous support. These palladium–poly(ionic liquid) catalyst membranes display minimal metal leaching enabling them to be reused multiple times.
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•Micron sized silica-steel microcomposite core with TiO2 nanocomposite shell photocatalysts.•Recycling from solution by magnetic separation.•UV photocatalytic degradation of ...waterborne organic pollutants.
Micron-sized steel particles encapsulated within a silica host matrix and then coated with a photocatalytic TiO2 nanocomposite shell have been prepared using sol-gel chemistry and shown to readily degrade waterborne organic pollutants during UV illumination. These silica-steel microcomposite core with TiO2 nanocomposite shell photocatalysts can be recycled multiple times from solution by magnetic separation.
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•Low loading palladium catalyst cloths.•Carbon-carbon catalytic coupling reactions in environmentally friendly solvents.•Minimal levels of catalyst leaching and recyclable.
Low ...loading palladium catalyst cloths have been prepared by surface complexation of palladium(II) chloride with plasmachemical imidazole functionalised non-woven polypropylene cloth. For Sonogashira, Mizoroki-Heck, and Suzuki-Miyaura carbon-carbon coupling reactions in conjunction with environmentally friendly solvents, high product yields (54%, 82%, and 99% respectively) and selectivities (99%, 93%, and greater than 99% respectively) have been measured. These palladium catalyst cloths show low levels of metal leaching and can be recycled multiple times.
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Dual hydrophobic-hydrophilic wettability of young Phyllostachys aurea bamboo leaf surfaces leads to water channelling and self-cleaning.Nanoscale roughness of epicuticular waxes ...combined with very-long-chain alkyl compounds underpin localised leaf wetting characteristics.Bioinspired replication of such dual wetting may offer potential for fog collection and dew harvesting in water-scarce regions of the world.
The young leaves of the bamboo plant, Phyllostachys aurea, exhibit a distinct dual wetting behaviour on their adaxial surface. Contact angle analysis, variable pressure (environmental) scanning electron microscopy, gas chromatography, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy have shown that the epicuticular wax morphology/topography and the surface distribution of chemical species underpin this water-channelling behaviour. Envisaged bioinspired applications include fog and dew harvesting in water-scarce regions of the world.
The need to revise the curriculum for the postgraduate course (M.D.) in Pharmacology has been perceived by the academicians in India since quite some time. The changing professional requirements of ...the graduating students, the current scenario vis a vis animal experimentation and the emphasis of the Medical Council of India on a competency based curriculum has triggered this felt need. In spite of the fact that most medical institutions and universities in India offer postgraduate courses in pharmacology, the curriculum lacks uniformity with extreme variations observed at some places. This article attempts to analyze the existing curricula in pharmacology in India and suggest modifications that could be recommended to the suitable regulatory bodies for implementation. A revision of objectives in the three domains of learning, development of skills that help develop suitable competencies, adoption of teaching learning methods in addition to the conventional methods, and a rethink on the assessment methods have been recommended. Development and validation of alternatives skill-based modules in lieu of animal experiments are recommended. Additional skills like medical writing and communication skills, professionalism and ethics, multi and inter-disciplinary integration and collaboration and a wider exposure of students to the pharmaceutical, academic, regulatory and research institutions for onsite learning were also recommended to fulfill their future career requirements.
Two-particle correlations of direct photons were measured in central 208Pb+208Pb collisions at 158A GeV. The invariant interferometric radii were extracted for 100<K(T)<300 MeV/c and compared to ...radii extracted from charged pion correlations. The yield of soft direct photons, K(T)<300 MeV/c, was extracted from the correlation strength and compared to theoretical calculations.
Charged particles and photons have been measured in central Pb+Pb collisions at 158 A GeV in a common (η–ϕ)-phase space region in the WA98 experiment at the CERN SPS. The measured distributions have ...been analyzed to quantify the frequency with which phase space regions of varying sizes have either small or large neutral pion fraction. The measured results are compared with VENUS model simulated events and with mixed events. Events with both large and small charged–neutral fluctuations are observed to occur more frequently than expected statistically, as deduced from mixed events, or as predicted by model simulations, with the difference becoming more prominent with decreasing size of the Δη–Δϕ region.
The use of animals in research and education dates back to the period when humans started to look for ways to prevent and cure ailments. Most of present day's drug discoveries were possible because ...of the use of animals in research. The dilemma to continue animal experiments in education and research continues with varied and confusing guidelines. However, the animal use and their handling vary in each laboratory and educational institution. It has been reported that the animals are being subjected to painful procedures in education and training unnecessarily. The extensive use of animals in toxicity studies and testing dermatological preparations has raised concerns about the ways animals are sacrificed for these "irrelevant experiments". On the other side of the coin are scientists who advocate the relevant and judicious use of animals in research so that new discoveries can continue. In this review, we discuss the evolution of the use of animals in education and research and how these have been affected in recent times owing to concerns from animal lovers and government regulations. A number of computer simulation and other models have been recommended for use as alternatives to use of animals for pharmacology education. In this review we also discuss some of these alternatives.
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