Bioclimatic indices provide an evaluation of the effect of climate on thermal sensation and comfort, due to the combined use of various atmospheric parameters. in this context, and bearing in mind ...the comfort of Lisbon's population, we have developed a methodology for the preparation of bioclimatic maps and performed the spatial modelling of an index applied to the city of Lisbon - the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET ). Using Geographic information systems (GIS), we performed spatial modelling of the various meteorological and physical variables of the territory and computed the value of PET for different extreme weather conditions. The resulting maps will contribute to a better knowledge of the thermal comfort in the city of Lisbon and will provide instruments for bioclimatic characterization, spatial planning and civil protection.
In Belgium and The Netherlands, bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is getting attention within a growing movement looking for more sustainability of wheat cropping and breadmaking. The few varieties ...available are pure lines that do not match the wide range of environments and organic farming practices, so that yields and milling quality are often disappointing. Composite Cross Populations (CCP) have been created with the idea of evolutionary plant breeding through on-farm mass selection and seed saving. In 2015–2016, one such CCP of winter wheat was cropped side by side with a pure line variety in four organic farms with different wheat cropping practices, as a first step to answer some of the concerns arising from farmers’ networks we work with. Seeding rates ranged from the standard high to the very low ones practiced under the System of Wheat Intensification (SWI). Multivariate data analysis confirmed greater differentiation of the CCP both compared with pure line varieties and within populations on farms where inter-plant competition was less intense. Low seeding rates thus seem to enhance the phenotypic expression potential of a CCP, yet this is a neglected fact among participatory plant breeders. Since both CCP and SWI have great potential for ecological intensification within organic farming, we argue that more work is needed on finding new ways of combining innovation in farming practices and on-farm plant breeding, which also implies new ways of organising research.
Dans les années 2000, des agriculteurs désireux de cultiver des blés correspondant à leurs besoins et soucieux d’affirmer leur autonomie vis-à-vis de l’industrie semencière, ont entrepris de relancer ...la sélection paysanne à la ferme. Des collaborations ont été tissées avec des généticiens de l’Inra, et se sont progressivement développées dans le cadre de projets financés. Or les financements de recherche impliquent une formalisation des partenariats, des engagements en termes de résultats académiques et une augmentation significative de la taille des projets. Dans ce nouveau contexte, comment préserver les valeurs d’émancipation paysanne et de justice cognitive sur lesquelles la collaboration paysans-chercheurs s’est originellement construite ? Cet article aborde la façon dont ce défi se pose concrètement aux acteurs de ces projets, et les précautions qu’ils mettent en œuvre pour y faire face.
In the 2000s, a handful of farmers in France undertook to revive a practice fallen into disuse during agricultural modernization, i.e. on-farm plant breeding. Their motives were both to grow wheat varieties meeting their needs and to assert their independence towards the seed industry. Informal collaborations were woven with geneticists from the French institute for agronomic research (INRA), and developed further within the framework of funded projects. The foundations of a “decentralized participatory plant breeding” were then laid, both on a genetic rationale (breeding directly in the environments where the plants are to be grown) and on strong ethical principles (organizing non-hierarchical relations to let farmers question researchers’ assumptions). However, research funding involves a formalization of partnerships, commitments in terms of academic deliverables, and a significant increase in the size of projects. In this new context, how are the objectives of farmers’ empowerment and the values of cognitive justice on which the collaboration between farmers and researchers was originally built to be preserved? This article describes how this issue is actually tackled by the participants in these projects. We focus in particular on the debates raised by the creation of a database, and on the tensions it generates between centralization and decentralization. We also present the challenges raised by the dramatic increase in the number of participants, which risks to reproduce a division of tasks between researchers, farmers, and the people coordinating at a local level.
Au-delà des idées reçues Baltazar, Sofia; Visser, Marjolein; Dendoncker, Nicolas
Études rurales,
07/2018
202
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Parmi les leviers actionnables pour stimuler les systèmes d’innovation agricole figure le soutien à l’interaction entre de multiples acteurs par des plateformes d’in6novation, dont les réseaux de ...semences constituent un exemple. Li Mestère, premier réseau de ce type en Wallonie, rassemble une pluralité d’acteurs autour de la gestion de la diversité cultivée des céréales. Il favorise la circulation de semences, de savoirs et de savoir-faire, inaccessibles dans le système semencier formel. Cependant sa croissance rapide, combinée aux enjeux organisationnels et de récupération, le situe entre « idéalisation et réalisation ». En nuançant les idées reçues au sujet des réseaux de semences, cet article met en évidence les défis à relever pour amplifier leur action et favoriser la transition agroécologique.
Possible operational levers to improve agricultural innovation systems include innovation platforms to support interaction among various stakeholders. Seed networks are one such example. Li Mestère, the first network of this type in Wallonia, has brought together a diverse range of stakeholders to manage the crop diversity of cereals. It facilitates the circulation of seeds, knowledge and know-how that are inaccessible in the formal seed system. However, because of its quick growth, organisational challenges and misrepresentation issues, the network finds itself between “idealisation” and “realisation”. By delving beyond preconceived ideas about seed networks, the article highlights the challenges they face to intensify their efforts and foster an agroecological transition.
Au-delà des idées reçues Baltazar, Sofia; Visser, Marjolein; Dendoncker, Nicolas
Études rurales,
2018, Letnik:
202, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Parmi les leviers actionnables pour stimuler les systèmes d’innovation agricole figure le soutien à l’interaction entre de multiples acteurs par des plateformes d’innovation, dont les réseaux de ...semences constituent un exemple. Li Mestère, premier réseau de ce type en Wallonie, rassemble une pluralité d’acteurs autour de la gestion de la diversité cultivée des céréales. Il favorise la circulation de semences, de savoirs et de savoir-faire, inaccessibles dans le système semencier formel. Cependant sa croissance rapide, combinée aux enjeux organisationnels et de récupération, le situe entre « idéalisation et réalisation ». En nuançant les idées reçues au sujet des réseaux de semences, cet article met en évidence les défis à relever pour amplifier leur action et favoriser la transition agroécologique.
Social skills as a line of research and problem, was
the subject of the investigation, whose objective was
to describe what are the predominant social skills
of the students of the first cycles of ...the Professional
Academic School of Initial Education of the National
University of Huancavelica. The investigation was of
descriptive level, basic type, design shows observation
(M-O). The scientific method was used and as
specific the descriptive method and the hypothetical
deductive. The population was constituted by 144
students and the sample was taken census. The most
important results consider that the great majority
of the study sample was at the regular level with
59,72 %, then 20,14 % at the good level, 14,58 %
at the deficient level, 4,17 % at the very good level
and finally only 1,39 % at the very poor level. The
main conclusion of the research considers that the
predominant social skills were the first social skills
with 18,46 % followed by social planning skills with
18,23 % and those related to feelings with 16,87 %
verifying with this is the characteristics of the Initial
Education student profile
Las habilidades sociales como línea de investigación
y problema, fue motivo de la investigación, cuyo
objetivo consistió en describir cuáles son las
habilidades sociales predominantes de los estudiantes
de los primeros ciclos de la Escuela Académico
Profesional de Educación Inicial de la Universidad
Nacional de Huancavelica. La investigación fue
de nivel descriptivo, tipo básica, diseño muestra
observación (M-O). Se utilizó el método científico y
como específicos el método descriptivo y el hipotético
deductivo. La población estuvo constituida por 144
estudiantes y la muestra fue tomada censalmente.
Los resultados más importantes consideran que la
gran mayoría de la muestra de estudio estuvo en el
nivel regular con el 59,72 %, luego el 20,14 % en
el nivel bueno, el 14,58 % en el nivel deficiente, el
4,17 % en el nivel muy bueno y solo el 1,39 % en
el nivel muy deficiente. La principal conclusión de la
investigación considera que las habilidades sociales
predominantes fueron las primeras habilidades
sociales con el 18,46 % seguido de las habilidades
sociales de planificación con el 18,23 % y las
relacionadas con los sentimientos con el 16,87 %
verificándose con ello las características del perfil del
estudiante de Educación Inicial
An efficient supply chain is essential for the success of any retailer and distribution planning, in particular, plays a central role to that end. The retail industry has suffered changes throughout ...the years, along with those in the market dynamics. These dynamics are turning the distribution process more and more challenging. In such a context, with multiple possible strategies and resources available to perform distribution, defining the most efficient way to supply each store is a critical task. This research intends to give new insights and contribute to the current literature regarding the distribution process of retailers, specifically for the pharmaceutical and grocery retail sectors. The objective of this applied research is threefold: (1) frame the multiple ways of efficiently supplying retail stores; (2) formulate mathematical models for different challenges that retailers face in the distribution process; and (3) develop suitable solution approaches to solve the problems efficiently.Firstly, the planning decision that selects the different distribution strategies of supplying the stores is explored. The definition of this problem, named delivery mode planning, is not clear in the literature, and a novel definition for the problem is proposed. The features and (dis)advantages of the different product flows are described, together with the practical implications between different distribution decisions.Secondly, the network redesign of pharmaceutical wholesalers is analyzed. The goal is to respond to more frequent and smaller orders, while staying competitive and not jeopardizing the current customer service level. While the network design has been extensively studied in the literature, few works consider the redesign variant, i.e. changing facilities location, and take into consideration the response time indicator, besides costs. Nevertheless, the response time is a key driver for wholesalers. To tackle the problem a two-phase optimization-simulation approach that incorporates the trade-off between facility and transportation costs and customer service level is developed.Finally, the incorporation of multi-compartment vehicles in the grocery distribution planning is studied. In the last years, multi-compartment vehicles, which enable the physical separation of products/segments during transportation have been deployed, and increasingly used by grocery retailers to perform mixed-product distributions. In the literature, there are already different works analyzing the impact of performing routing plans with multi-compartment vehicles instead of single-compartment vehicles. However, most of the research is focused on fuel and waste applications, which impose different business requirements from those of the grocery distribution. The complexity of the loading/unloading process with these vehicles has never been studied. Therefore, an extension of the routing problem considering the impact of loading constraints is proposed. Furthermore, as grocery stores usually define preferable time-windows to indicate when deliveries should occur, and this decision impacts the possible mixed distributions, the routing problem is also extended to incorporate time-window assignment decisions. For both problems, extensions of metaheuristics proposed for the routing problem are developed.
An efficient supply chain is essential for the success of any retailer and distribution planning, in particular, plays a central role to that end. The retail industry has suffered changes throughout ...the years, along with those in the market dynamics. These dynamics are turning the distribution process more and more challenging. In such a context, with multiple possible strategies and resources available to perform distribution, defining the most efficient way to supply each store is a critical task.This research intends to give new insights and contribute to the current literature regarding the distribution process of retailers, specifically for the pharmaceutical and grocery retail sectors. The objective of this applied research is threefold: (1) frame the multiple ways of efficiently supplying retail stores; (2) formulate mathematical models for different challenges that retailers face in the distribution process; and (3) develop suitable solution approaches to solve the problems efficiently. Firstly, the planning decision that selects the different distribution strategies of supplying the stores is explored. The definition of this problem, named delivery mode planning, is not clear in the literature, and a novel definition for the problem is proposed. The features and (dis)advantages of the different product flows are described, together with the practical implications between different distribution decisions.Secondly, the network redesign of pharmaceutical wholesalers is analyzed. The goal is to respond to more frequent and smaller orders, while staying competitive and not jeopardizing the current customer service level. While the network design has been extensively studied in the literature, few works consider the redesign variant, i.e. changing facilities location, and take into consideration the response time indicator, besides costs. Nevertheless, the response time is a key driver for wholesalers. To tackle the problem a two-phase optimization-simulation approach that incorporates the trade-off between facility and transportation costs and customer service level is developed.Finally, the incorporation of multi-compartment vehicles in the grocery distribution planning is studied. In the last years, multi-compartment vehicles, which enable the physical separation of products/segments during transportation have been deployed, and increasingly used by grocery retailers to perform mixed-product distributions. In the literature, there are already different works analyzing the impact of performing routing plans with multi-compartment vehicles instead of single-compartment vehicles. However, most of the research is focused on fuel and waste applications, which impose different business requirements from those of the grocery distribution. The complexity of the loading/unloading process with these vehicles has never been studied. Therefore, an extension of the routing problem considering the impact of loading constraints is proposed. Furthermore, as grocery stores usually define preferable time-windows to indicate when deliveries should occur, and this decision impacts the possible mixed distributions, the routing problem is also extended to incorporate time-window assignment decisions. For both problems, extensions of metaheuristics proposed for the routing problem are developed.
Dans les années 2000, des agriculteurs désireux de cultiver des blés correspondant à leurs besoins et soucieux d’affirmer leur autonomie vis-à-vis de l’industrie semencière, ont entrepris de relancer ...la sélection paysanne à la ferme. Des collaborations ont été tissées avec des généticiens de l’Inra, et se sont progressivement développées dans le cadre de projets financés. Or les financements de recherche impliquent une formalisation des partenariats, des engagements en termes de résultats académiques et une augmentation significative de la taille des projets. Dans ce nouveau contexte, comment préserver les valeurs d’émancipation paysanne et de justice cognitive sur lesquelles la collaboration paysans-chercheurs s’est originellement construite ? Cet article aborde la façon dont ce défi se pose concrètement aux acteurs de ces projets, et les précautions qu’ils mettent en œuvre pour y faire face.
PDF
