A type 1 diabetes patient experienced remission associated with chloroquine therapy while travelling to a malaria-endemic area. Chloroquine has immunomodulatory and hypoglycaemic effects and may ...become more frequently used due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients with type 1 diabetes treated with chloroquine should be monitored for hypoglycaemia, even after recovery.
•Chloroquine has immunomodulatory and hypoglycaemic effects.•Type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune disease, could go into remission during chloroquine therapy.•Patients with type 1 diabetes treated with chloroquine should be monitored closely for hypoglycemia.
Pregnancies with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) have a high incidence of large-for-gestational-age neonates (LGA) despite optimal glycemic control. In recent years, glycemic variability (GV) has ...emerged as a possible risk factor for LGA, but the results of the conducted studies are unclear. This study analyzed the association between GV and LGA development in pregnancies with T1DM. This was a prospective cohort study of patients with T1DM who used continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) during pregnancy. Patients were followed from the first trimester to birth. GV parameters were calculated for every trimester using the EasyGV calculator. The main outcomes were LGA or no-LGA. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between GV parameters and LGA. In total, 66 patients were included. The incidence of LGA was 36%. The analysis extracted several GV parameters that were significantly associated with the risk of LGA. The J-index was the only significant parameter in every trimester of pregnancy (odds ratios with confidence intervals were 1.33 (1.02, 1.73), 3.18 (1.12, 9.07), and 1.37 (1.03, 1.82), respectively. Increased GV is a risk factor for development of LGA. The J-index is a possible novel GV parameter that may be assessed in all three trimesters of pregnancy together with glycated hemoglobin and time-in-range.
Pravilna prehrana iznimno je važna u prevenciji šećerne bolesti i regulaciji glikemije. Šećerna bolest ubraja se u kategoriju bolesti koje se uspješno mogu prevenirati, dobro liječiti te im se može ...spriječiti ili odgoditi razvoj kroničnih komplikacija. Edukacija o pravilnoj prehrani treba biti individualno prilagođena, pri čemu treba obratiti pozornost na dob bolesnika, način života, socioekonomski status, tjelesnu aktivnost i komplikacije vezane uz šećernu bolest. Kod šećerne bolesti promjena životnih navika, što uključuje pravilnu prehranu, redovitu tjelesnu aktivnost i regulaciju tjelesne mase, može uvelike pridonijeti regulaciji glikemije, a u tipu 2 u nekim slučajevima može dovesti i do njene remisije. Smjernice su rezultat suradnje zdravstvenih stručnjaka koji sudjeluju u liječenju i edukaciji osoba koje boluju od šećerne bolesti. Utemeljene su na dokazima, prema metodologiji GRADE (engl. grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation) koja uz snagu dokaza opisuje i razinu preporuke. Temeljni zaključci ovih smjernica odnose se na procjenu nutritivnih potreba te primjenu medicinske nutritivne terapije, individualno prilagođene osobama sa šećernom bolešću kao i onima koji imaju i neke od
vezanih komorbiditeta.
Obesity has more than doubled since 1980 all over the world, and in the European perspective it does not seem to be better. Obesity-related diseases like diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart ...disease, stroke and hyperlipidemia are the main cause of mortality and morbidity in developed countries. These are the reasons for continuous search for efficient treatment of obesity. One of the options is medical therapy. Over history, many anti-obesity drugs were introduced and subsequently removed from the market due to various side effects. Unfortunately, there is still no ideal drug for the treatment of obesity, and the current ones are very strictly evaluated. The anti-obesity drug should target patients that have previously failed to lose weight with lifestyle interventions, with body mass index (BMI) ≥30, or those with BMI ≥27 plus concomitant obesity-related risk factors or diseases. The only drug currently approved in Europe is orlistat, a pancreatic lipase inhibitor. Sibutramine, an appetite suppressant (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor), has been off the market since 2010 due to cardiovascular side effects. There is a large group of drugs used for other indications with weight loss effects, e.g. incretin mimetics or analogues used in the treatment of diabetes type 2, topiramate used as an anticonvulsant, and fluoxetine and sertraline used in the treatment of depression.
Cistična fibroza najčešća je nasljedna bolest, koja skraćuje životni vijek, a uzrokuje je defekt u genu za transmembranski regulator provodljivosti cistične fibroze (eng. cystic fibrosis ...transmembrane regulator – CFTR). Poremećena je homeostaza elektrolita, što se očituje simptomima u više organskih sustava. Plućne manifestacije, s kroničnim infekcijama, upalom i, na kraju, respiratornim zatajenjem, ostaju i dalje najvažnija prijetnja životnom vijeku bolesnika. Do prije jednog desetljeća bilo je dostupno samo simptomatsko liječenje. Od 2012. g. dostupno
je liječenje tzv. modulatorima CFTR-proteina i njihovim kombinacijama za osobe s cističnom fibrozom koje nose različite varijante CFTR-gena. Pojavom tih lijekova uvelike se promijenila perspektiva i kvaliteta života ljudi s cističnom fibrozom, ali postavljeni i novi izazovi u vezi s dugoročnim komplikacijama, pitanje eventualnog smanjenja konvencionalnog liječenja, ali i financiranja terapije, koja je mnogim bolesnicima nedostupna. Iznesene su bazične spoznaje o cističnoj fibrozi i funkciji CFTR-proteina, klasifikaciji varijanata CFTR-gena, mogućnostima liječenja CFTR-modulatorima te osnovni ishodi liječenja bolesnika s cističnom fibrozom u Hrvatskoj, gdje se ta terapija primjenjuje od jeseni 2021. godine.
Mutation of the gene encoding Hepatocyte Nuclear transcription Factor-1 Beta (HNF1B) causes a rare monogenetic subtype of Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY). HNF1B-related MODY results in ...the dysfunction of multiple organ systems. However, genetic analysis enables personalized medicine for patients and families.
To understand the clinical characteristics and explore the gene mutations in Croatian patients.
This was a retrospective observational study of individuals (and their relatives) who were, due to the clinical suspicion of MODY, referred to the Department of Laboratory Diagnostics at the University Hospital Centre Zagreb for genetic testing.
A total of 118 participants, 56% females, were screened. Seven patients (three females) from five families were identified to have HNF1B-related MODY. The median age at diagnosis was 31 (11-45) years, the median c-peptide was 0.8 (0.55-1.39) nmol/L, the median HbA1c was 9.1 (5.7-18.4)%, and the median BMI was 22.9 kg/m
(17-24.6). Patients had a variety of clinical manifestations; kidney disease was not as frequent as liver lesions, neuropsychiatric symptoms, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, and hypomagnesemia. We identified two new pathogenic mutations (c.1006C > G protein p.His336Asp on exon 4 and c.1373T > G p protein Val458Gly on exon 7).
In a study involving Croatian patients, new genetic (two previously unknown mutations) and clinical (diverse range of clinical presentations) aspects of HNF1B-related MODY were found.
Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) is the most common comorbidity in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). CFRD has been correlated with important clinical outcomes, including poor nutrition, ...reduced pulmonary function, and earlier mortality. However, clinical decline due to abnormalities of blood glucose (dysglycemia) begins early in CF, before the diagnosis of CFRD by the gold-standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has been validated in patients with CF and has been recognized as a valuable tool in detecting early glucose abnormalities in patients with CF. Several CGM parameters have been used to predict CFRD in some but not all studies, and there is no consensus regarding CGM use for diagnostic purposes. Thus, it remains a complementary test to OGTT in CFRD diagnosis. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the pathophysiological mechanisms of CFRD, recent advances in the use of CGM for CFRD screening, and the association between CGM measures and CF-related clinical outcomes.
Sve veća učestalost šećerne bolesti povezuje se s prihvaćanjem netradicionalnih načina prehrane i prakticiranjem „sjedilačkog načina života“. Liječenje šećerne bolesti sastoji se od promjene životnog ...stila što uključuje promjenu fizičke aktivnosti, tipa i učestalosti prehrane te uzimanje specifi čne terapije. Fizička aktivnost je dio temeljnog liječenja dijabetesa; ima dokazane koristi u smanjenju inzulinske rezistencije, poboljšanju glikemijske kontrole, lipidnog profi la, u normalizaciji tjelesne mase i povećanju kardiorespiracijske sposobnosti. Vježbanje može smanjiti potrebu za lijekovima i usporiti razvoj nekih dijabetičkih komplikacija. U osoba koje se liječe od šećerne bolesti postoje i određena ograničenja, što se uglavnom odnosi na one s prisutnim komplikacijama. Prije započinjanja programa fizičke aktivnosti preporučuje se učiniti medicinsku evaluaciju te dati adekvatne upute. Tjelovježba se prakticira uz spoznaju da za vrijeme i poslije intenzivnih vježbi glukoza u plazmi pada zbog njene povećane potrošnje, ali i povećane inzulinske osjetljivosti. Bolesnici koji su liječeni inzulinom ili
inzulinskim sekretagozima imaju veći rizik od hipoglikemije pa se količina unesenih kalorija prilagođava tipu i intenzitetu fzičke aktivnosti, daju se jasne upute glede prilagodbe terapije prije i/ili nakon tjelovježbe. Šećerna bolest nije prepreka za bavljenje sportom, no zahtijeva angažiranost i znanje, kako medicinskog tima koji prati bolesnika, tako i bolesnika s šećernom bolešću samog.
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