The progression of breast cancer and its association with clinical outcome and treatment remain largely unexplored. Accumulating data has highlighted the interaction between cells of the immune ...system and the tumor microenvironment in cancer progression, and although studies have identified multiple facets of cancer progression within the development of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and its constituents, there is lack of research into the associations between breast cancer subtype and staging. Current literature has provided insight into the cells and pathways associated with breast cancer progression through expression analysis. However, there is lack of co-expression studies between immune pathways and cells of the TME that form pro-tumorigenic relationships contributing to immune-evasion. We focus on the immune checkpoint and TME elements that influence cancer progression, particularly studies in molecular subtypes of breast cancer.
Peptides are fragments of proteins that carry out biological functions. They act as signaling entities via all domains of life and interfere with protein-protein interactions, which are indispensable ...in bio-processes. Short peptides include fundamental molecular information for a prelude to the symphony of life. They have aroused considerable interest due to their unique features and great promise in innovative bio-therapies. This work focusing on the current state-of-the-art short peptide-based therapeutical developments is the first global review written by researchers from all continents, as a celebration of 100 years of peptide therapeutics since the commencement of insulin therapy in the 1920s. Peptide "drugs" initially played only the role of hormone analogs to balance disorders. Nowadays, they achieve numerous biomedical tasks, can cross membranes, or reach intracellular targets. The role of peptides in bio-processes can hardly be mimicked by other chemical substances. The article is divided into independent sections, which are related to either the progress in short peptide-based theranostics or the problems posing challenge to bio-medicine. In particular, the SWOT analysis of short peptides, their relevance in therapies of diverse diseases, improvements in (bio)synthesis platforms, advanced nano-supramolecular technologies, aptamers, altered peptide ligands and in silico methodologies to overcome peptide limitations, modern smart bio-functional materials, vaccines, and drug/gene-targeted delivery systems are discussed.
Background: Breast cancer is the most prevalent and second leading cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide. Despite early detection and better treatment therapies, 30% of early-stage breast ...cancer patients still develop recurrent disease. Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease comprising several molecular subtypes, commonly classified into clinical subtypes based on the hormone receptor status. These subtypes included luminal A and luminal B, which have different prognoses. Breast cancer development and progression involve many factors. Polymorphisms of PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 genes have been previously associated with high risk and prognosis of cancer. However, no studies have associated PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 polymorphisms with primary breast cancer subtypes. Hence, this study evaluated functional single nucleotide polymorphisms of PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 with primary breast cancer subtypes, luminal A, and luminal B. In addition, we evaluated the PD-L1 protein expression in relation to primary breast cancer subtypes and stages. Results: There were no significant differences in the allele frequencies of PD-1 polymorphisms (rs2227981 G>A, rs7421861 A>G, and rs11568821 C>T) and PD-L1 polymorphisms (rs10815225 C>T and rs2282055 T>G) when compared with the general European population. However, a significant difference was detected in one of the PD-L2 polymorphisms (rs1009759 A>G), with the G allele higher in breast cancer patients than in the general European population. A higher prevalence of the T allele of PD-L1 polymorphism rs2282055 T>G was observed in luminal B breast cancer patients compared with luminal A. No significant difference was detected in other polymorphisms. We also observed that the PD-L1 rs2282055 TT genotype was more prevalent in luminal B breast cancer patients compared with luminal A. Our results found no association of the selected SNPs in the PDCD1 gene with breast cancer risk. Similarly, the protein expression data showed that PD-L1 and PD-L2 are associated with an aggressive phenotype, Luminal B, and advanced breast cancer stage. Conclusion: These findings suggest that immune checkpoint polymorphisms are associated with the risk and subtypes of breast cancer.
Introducción: El Síndrome de Acento Extranjero (SAE) una entidad rara, los pacientes desarrollan cambios en el ritmo y tono del habla (prosodia), percibidos como un acento diferente al de su lengua ...natal. Existen tres tipos de SAE: neurogénico, psicogénico y mixto. El SAE es infrecuente en EM, y aún más como síntoma debut.
Objetivo. Revisión del SAE, tipos, fisiopatología y presentación en EM y evolución.
Desarrollo. El SAE Las lesiones corticales en EM se correlacionan con deterioro cognitivo, discapacidad motora, síntomas psiquiátricos, alteraciones del lenguaje, síntomas conversivos y crisis epilépticas. La mayoría de los casos publicados de SAE han sufrido lesión en el hemisferio dominante, en corteza prerrolándica y áreas adyacentes, áreas motoras frontales de asociación, en putamen, ganglios basales, fosa posterior (protuberancia, cerebelo), por diferentes etiologías siendo la más frecuente la vascular.
Compartimos un caso clínico: mujer, 44 años debuta con SAE interpretado inicialmente como infarto cerebral en quien finalmente se concluyó el diagnóstico de esclerosis múltiple. Ha tenido mejoría parcial de los síntomas posterior a rehabilitación fonoaudiológica.
Conclusiones. SAE es una presentación infrecuente de debut de EM. Debe considerarse la etiología desmielinizante en pacientes jóvenes, con escasos o sin factores de riesgo vascular y apoyarse en estudios complementarios de neuroimágenes.
Introducción: El Síndrome de Acento Extranjero (SAE) una entidad rara, los pacientes desarrollan cambios en el ritmo y tono del habla (prosodia), percibidos como un acento diferente al de su lengua ...natal. Existen tres tipos de SAE: neurogénico, psicogénico y mixto. El SAE es infrecuente en EM, y aún más como síntoma debut.
Objetivo. Revisión del SAE, tipos, fisiopatología y presentación en EM y evolución.
Desarrollo. El SAE Las lesiones corticales en EM se correlacionan con deterioro cognitivo, discapacidad motora, síntomas psiquiátricos, alteraciones del lenguaje, síntomas conversivos y crisis epilépticas. La mayoría de los casos publicados de SAE han sufrido lesión en el hemisferio dominante, en corteza prerrolándica y áreas adyacentes, áreas motoras frontales de asociación, en putamen, ganglios basales, fosa posterior (protuberancia, cerebelo), por diferentes etiologías siendo la más frecuente la vascular.
Compartimos un caso clínico: mujer, 44 años debuta con SAE interpretado inicialmente como infarto cerebral en quien finalmente se concluyó el diagnóstico de esclerosis múltiple. Ha tenido mejoría parcial de los síntomas posterior a rehabilitación fonoaudiológica.
Conclusiones. SAE es una presentación infrecuente de debut de EM. Debe considerarse la etiología desmielinizante en pacientes jóvenes, con escasos o sin factores de riesgo vascular y apoyarse en estudios complementarios de neuroimágenes.
The differences between female and male human development indicators are evidence that the general scenario (whole population) presents a blurred analytical viewpoint. Female schooling and life ...expectancy have advanced, but income is far from keeping pace. For women, legislation does not seem to be enough without the cultural legitimisation; for men, the cultural dependency on psychopathologies derived from the subjective expectations of masculinity is more evident. However, no study has apparently analysed the influence of national culture (NC) on human development (HD), by comparing the General, Female, and Male scenarios. This research sought to fill this gap by applying univariate and multivariate techniques to the data from 59 countries, using the Hofstede cultural dimensions as independent variables, HD indicators as dependent variables, and democracy, agricultural dependence, and urbanisation as controls. The influence of culture is a reality in all scenarios, but differs according to gender. For women, individualism appears to be a more powerful ally, and masculinity and uncertainty avoidance more harmful factors than for men; for men, power distance and indulgence have a greater impact than on women. Considering HD as a whole, an autonomous thinking society that rejects unjustifiable inequalities seems to be the most important cultural enabler.
Cervical cancer mortality in Chile is four times higher than in developed countries. We compared the accuracy of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing and conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) testing to ...detect prevalent precancerous and cancerous lesions in the routine clinical practice of the public health system. Women aged 25 years and older residing in the area covered by three primary care centers of Santiago, Chile, were invited to participate. Eligible women received both HPV DNA (Hybrid Capture 2) and Pap testing. Women positive by either test (Pap: ASCUS+, HC2: RLU/CO ≥1.0) underwent colposcopy and biopsy, as did a sample of double‐negative women with an abnormal cervix at visual inspection or with risk factors for cervical lesions. Crude and verification bias‐corrected sensitivities and specificities were estimated. In total, 8,265 women (98.8% of eligible) had complete screening results. Of these, 10.7% were HPV positive, 1.7% were Pap positive and 1.1% were positive by both tests. In all, 931 (11.3%) women were screen‐positive, of whom 94.3% attended colposcopy. Additionally, 295 control women were invited for colposcopy, of whom 78% attended. In all, 42 CIN2, 45 CIN3 and 9 cancers were identified. Verification bias‐corrected sensitivity for CIN2+ (95% confidence interval) was 92.7% (84.4–96.8) for HPV and 22.1% (16.4–29.2) for Pap; corresponding specificities were 92.0% (91.4–92.6) and 98.9% (98.7–99.0). In conclusion, in routine clinical practice in a developing country, HPV testing was four times more sensitive for CIN2+ than Pap testing, identifying three times more CIN2+ lesions; HPV testing was easily implemented in our established cervical cancer prevention program.
What's new?
In Chile, cervical cancer mortality is four times that in developed countries. The authors evaluated screening procedures in Chile, to find out whether prevention could be improved by incorporating HPV typing as well as Pap testing. Currently, the cervical cancer prevention program in Chile relies upon Pap testing, but the effectiveness of the test depends on the skill and training of the providers. The authors tested 8000 women using both Pap and HPV testing, and they report that HPV testing showed much higher sensitivity than Pap testing, suggesting that HPV testing be incorporated into public health screening procedures.
Diabetes Mellitus type 1 (DM1) is a chronic disease, whose treatment is based on 4 fundamental pillars: insulin therapy, self-control, healthy eating and physical activity. The literature suggests ...that diabetes mellitus type 2 is the aerobic type, because it is hypoglycaemic, however due to the difference in treatment in DM1, the question arises in relation to the effects of exercise with anaerobic predominance in the metabolic control of a person with DM1. Objective: to evaluate the effect of Taekwondo training W.T.F. on the glycemic control of people with diabetes mellitus type 1 of 13 and 14 years of a Taekwondo school in Concepción, Chile, 2016-2017. Methodology: quantitative approach research, a Quasi-experimental descriptive design in a group, pre-test type, post-test, with a sampling of non-probabilistic type, Results: Taekwondo training W.T.F. with anaerobic predominance, it did not significantly affect the glycemic variability pre- and post-training and in conjunction with this, it generated a decrease in the glycosylated hemoglobin of all the subjects who underwent surgery.
La Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) es una enfermedad crónica, cuyo tratamiento se basa en 4 pilares fundamentales: insulinoterapia, autocontrol, alimentación saludable y actividad física. La literatura sugiere que en diabetes mellitus tipo 2 este último sea de tipo aeróbico, por ser hipoglucemiante, sin embargo, debido a la diferencia de tratamiento en DM1, surge la interrogante en relación a los efectos del ejercicio con predominancia anaeróbica en el control metabólico de una persona con DM1. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del entrenamiento de Taekwondo W.T.F. sobre el control glucémico de personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 de 13 y 14 años de una escuela de Taekwondo en Concepción, Chile, año 2016-2017. Metodología: investigación de enfoque cuantitativo, un diseño descriptivo cuasiexperimental en un grupo, tipo pre-prueba, post-prueba, con un muestreo de tipo no probabilístico. Resultados: El entrenamiento de Taekwondo W.T.F. con predominancia anaeróbica no afectó en forma significativa la variabilidad glucémica pre y post entrenamiento y, generando una disminución de la hemoglobina glucosilada de todos los sujetos intervenidos.
La Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) es una enfermedad crónica, cuyo tratamiento se basa en 4 pilares fundamentales: insulinoterapia, autocontrol, alimentación saludable y actividad física. La ...literatura sugiere que en diabetes mellitus tipo 2 este último sea de tipo aeróbico, por ser hipoglucemiante, sin embargo, debido a la diferencia de tratamiento en DM1, surge la interrogante en relación a los efectos del ejercicio con predominancia anaeróbica en el control metabólico de una persona con DM1. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del entrenamiento de Taekwondo W.T.F. sobre el control glucémico de personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 de 13 y 14 años de una escuela de Taekwondo en Concepción, Chile, año 2016-2017. Metodología: investigación de enfoque cuantitativo, un diseño descriptivo cuasiexperimental en un grupo, tipo pre-prueba, post-prueba, con un muestreo de tipo no probabilístico. Resultados: El entrenamiento de Taekwondo W.T.F. con predominancia anaeróbica no afectó en forma significativa la variabilidad glucémica pre y post entrenamiento y, generando una disminución de la hemoglobina glucosilada de todos los sujetos intervenidos. Palabras clave: Diabetes Mellitus, Ejercicio, Hemoglobina Glucosilada, Glucemia. Abstract. Diabetes Mellitus type 1 (DM1) is a chronic disease, whose treatment is based on 4 fundamental pillars: insulin therapy, self-control, healthy eating and physical activity. The literature suggests that diabetes mellitus type 2 is the aerobic type, because it is hypoglycaemic, however due to the difference in treatment in DM1, the question arises in relation to the effects of exercise with anaerobic predominance in the metabolic control of a person with DM1. Objective: to evaluate the effect of Taekwondo training W.T.F. on the glycemic control of people with diabetes mellitus type 1 of 13 and 14 years of a Taekwondo school in Concepción, Chile, 2016-2017. Methodology: quantitative approach research, a Quasi-experimental descriptive design in a group, pre-test type, post-test, with a sampling of non-probabilistic type, Results: Taekwondo training W.T.F. with anaerobic predominance, it did not significantly affect the glycemic variability pre- and post-training and in conjunction with this, it generated a decrease in the glycosylated hemoglobin of all the subjects who underwent surgery. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Exercise, Glucosylated Hemoglobin, Glycemic
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