•A review on carbon capture by physical adsorption is provided.•The review covers carbon capture materials, experimental and numerical research.•Challenges for the post combustion adsorption ...materials are presented.•Gaps are found in the research of carbon dioxide adsorption of post-combustion.•Materials of high selectivity, CO2 uptake with water vapor stability are needed.
This review focuses on the separation of carbon dioxide from typical power plant exhaust gases using the adsorption process. This method is believed to be one of the economic and least interfering ways for post-combustion carbon capture as it can accomplish the objective with small energy penalty and very few modifications to power plants. The review is divided into three main sections. These are (1) the candidate materials that can be used to adsorb carbon dioxide, (2) the experimental investigations that have been carried out to study the process of separation using adsorption and (3) the numerical models developed to simulate this separation process and serve as a tool to optimize systems to be built for the purpose of CO2 adsorption. The review pointed the challenges for the post combustion and the experiments utilizing the different adsorption materials. The review indicates that many gaps are found in the research of CO2 adsorption of post-combustion processes. These gaps in experimental investigations need a lot of research work. In particular, new materials of high selectivity, uptake for carbon dioxide with stability for water vapor needs significant investigations. The major prerequisites for these potential new materials are good thermal stability, distinct selectivity and high adsorption capacity for CO2 as well as sufficient mechanical strength to endure repeated cycling.
This manuscript delves into the realm of wastewater treatment, with a particular emphasis on anaerobic fermentation processes, especially dark, photo, and dark-photo fermentation processes, which ...have not been covered and overviewed previously in the literature regarding the treatment of wastewater. Moreover, the study conducts a bibliometric analysis for the first time to elucidate the research landscape of anaerobic fermentation utilization in wastewater purification. Furthermore, microorganisms, ranging from microalgae to bacteria and fungi, emphasizing the integration of these agents for enhanced efficiency, are all discussed and compared. Various bioreactors, such as dark and photo fermentation bioreactors, including tubular photo bioreactors, are scrutinized for their design and operational intricacies. The results illustrated that using clostridium pasteurianum CH4 and Rhodopseudomonas palustris WP3-5 in a combined dark-photo fermentation process can treat wastewater to a pH of nearly 7 with over 90% COD removal. Also, integrating Chlorella sp and Activated sludge can potentially treat synthetic wastewater to COD, P, and N percentage removal rates of 99%,86%, and 79%, respectively. Finally, the paper extends to discuss the limitations and future prospects of dark-photo fermentation processes, offering insights into the road ahead for researchers and scientists.
•The treatment of wastewater via anaerobic fermentation was adapted.•A bibliometric analysis of wastewater treatment was provided.•Dark, photo, and dark-photo fermentation processes were explored.•Several microorganisms, such as microalgae, bacteria, etc., were illustrated.•Bioreactors were discussed alongside their operation modes.
To compare safety and efficacy of combined therapy with conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE)+microwave ablation (MWA) versus only TACE or MWA for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma ...(HCC) >3-<5 cm.
This randomized controlled trial (NCT04721470) screened 278 patients with HCC >3-<5 cm. Patients were randomized into three groups: 90 underwent TACE (Group 1); 95 underwent MWA (Group 2); and 93 underwent combined therapy (Group 3). Patients were followed-up with contrast-enhanced CT or MRI. Images were evaluated and compared for treatment response and adverse events based on modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumor. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentration was measured at baseline and during every follow-up visit.
Final analysis included 265 patients (154 men, 111 women; mean age = 54.5 ± 11.8 years; range = 38-76 years). Complete response was achieved by 86.5% of patients who received combined therapy compared with 54.8% with only TACE and 56.5% with only MWA (p = 0.0002). The recurrence rate after 12 months was significantly lower in Group 3 (22.47%) than Groups 1 (60.7%) and 2 (51.1%) (p = 0.0001). The overall survival rate (three years after therapy) was significantly higher in Group 3 (69.6%) than Groups 1 (54.7%) and 2 (54.3%) (p = 0.02). The mean progression-free survival was significantly higher in Group 3 than groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.001). A decrease in AFP concentration was seen in 75%, 63%, and 48% patients of Group 3, 2, and 1, respectively.
Combined therapy with cTACE + MWA is safe, well-tolerated, and more effective than TACE or MWA alone for treatment of HCC >3-<5 cm.
The stability of circular footings under eccentric vertical loads is a significant problem in geotechnical engineering. Therefore, this paper shows the results of experimental tests carried out on an ...eccentrically loaded circular foundation on sand soil. The focus of this research is on examining how eccentric loads affect the behavior of circular footings on sand soil, both with and without skirts. Various load eccentricities (e) equals zero, 2.50, 5.00, 7.50, 10.00, 12.50, 15.00, 17.50 and 20.00 mm are used. In addition to, a 60 mm-diameter circular foundation and sand with an 85% relative density (Dr) are used in this experimental study. To study the effect of changing the skirts depth on the load-settlement response skirts with different depths (h) = 60 mm, 150 mm, 240 mm are used for vertical reinforcement. In comparison to the unreinforced condition, test findings show an improvement in ultimate bearing capacity. When the skirts are positioned at the ideal embedment depth L/D = 4, it is found that the circular footing's load-settlement behavior is enhanced by 92% and 93% in case of using (e/D) ratio = 0.125 and 0.25 compared to the unreinforced case.
Water is the most important source among the natural sources on the earth’s surface for the health of marine and near-shore ecosystems. Assessing water pollution in coastal areas is an essential ...process for sustainable development. El Gharbia coast, Egypt is one of the most important coasts of Egypt. The main objective of this work is to predict the future changes of water pollution in this coast using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery of three consequent times. First, three Sentinel-2 satellite imagery of consequent dates were acquired and processed for further classification process. The maximum likelihood classification algorithm was then used to prepare the base maps for: time 1, time 2 and time 3, with ten major classes (pollutants). The classified images of time 1 and time 2 were then used to predict the time 3 water pollution map using a Markov Chain Model. After that, the final predicted water pollution map for time 3 was validated with the classified one of the same time. Finally, and compared with the water pollution map of time 3, the future ratios of all types of pollutants have been predicted. The results showed that the proposed model can simulate water pollution changes with reliable results. Based on the simulated water pollution map and by 2030, the ratios of all pollutants will increase. Accordingly, El Gharbia coast and surrounding activities can be saved from more pollution in the future.
Airports are among the constructions that must meet international standards and specifications established by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Some of these parameters and ...criteria include topography, environmental, and operating circumstances. Navigation operations are also affected by terrain and human barriers, while noise, infrastructure, and weather factors affect the environment around airports. This article investigates using the interpretative structure model (ISM) and analytical network process (ANP) together as a new technique to select and determine the optimum site selection for constructing new international airports in the Nile Delta, Egypt. The criteria used (16 international criteria) are selected depending on the standards of the ICAO, field surveys, and previous studies. Nile Delta, Egypt, is chosen as a case study because it suffers from the lack of international airports and has a population of approximately 23 million. Therefore, new international airports must be established to serve this region, boost tourism, improve transportation, and stimulate commercial traffic. The results using the suggested new technique are compared with the traditional used methods for site selection, such as fuzzy-analytic hierarchy process. Landsat 8 images are used in this research. A quality test using the area under the curve and the receiver operating characteristic curve was applied to evaluate the new technique for site selection of international airports, depending on calculating the highest suitability index for each proposed site. From the quality tests, it is deduced that the suggested method (ISM–ANP) for airport site selection is more accurate than any other traditional method. ArcGIS 10.5 software is used to draw the final digital maps containing the proposed resulted sites. As a result, three new locations for the construction of international airports were found and selected throughout the research region (Delta Nile, Egypt) based on the used mathematical models. Therefore, the proposed novel method for determining the locations of international airports is thought to be effective and feasible, and it can be used to determine the locations of any development projects in general, particularly in developing countries, which benefits the decision-makers in making the right decisions.
Secant pile walls (SPWs) are frequently employed as temporary excavation support systems in urban areas; thus, they are useless once permanent foundations and basements have been constructed. ...Recently, attempts have been made to employ these walls to bear axial loads and lateral earth pressure, which may have significant potential benefits. Unfortunately, the shortage of research that recognizes them as bearing elements, especially numerical studies, has prevented this approach from reaching the final design and implementation stage. Thus, the primary objective of this research was to calibrate a finite element model to depict the performance of axially loaded SPW and extend the finite element analysis by including key factors and additional trials that may impact the performance of the axially loaded SPW. This research investigated various aspects to describe SPW behavior, including the maximum axial capacity of the SPW (P
max
), normalized horizontal deflection (δ
h
/H
t
%), normalized ground settlement (δ
vg
/H
t
%), the normalized vertical deflection of the SPW (δ
vw
/H
t
%), the normalized pivot point location (ε′/H
e
) and settlement influence zone (D
o
). Several parameters, such as normalized penetration depth (H
e
/H
c
), sand relative density (D
r
), surcharge load density (W
sur
), and wall rigidity (H
t
/D
p
), were studied and examined in relation to these aspects. Additionally, 224 axially loaded SPW trails were performed as part of a parametric study. The findings demonstrated that the proposed FEM could depict the performance of the experimental model with fair accuracy under the effect of the axial and lateral loads. The effects of the investigated aspects on the P
max
were also discussed in detail. Also, using linear and non-linear regression analysis, the data from the parametric analysis was utilized to create rational relations between the various parameters. The best-achieved mathematical models for predicting the P
max
were also represented in graphical forms. Moreover, these graphs can be a useful and fast tool for civil and geotechnical engineers to predict the maximum axial capacity of an SPW according to the different variables.
In urban environments, temporary excavation support systems (ESSs) are intensively recommended during the construction process of structures with underground levels to preserve nearby structures and ...maintain the excavation sides. Once the foundations and basements are constructed, these systems are rendered useless. As a result, integrating the temporary ESS into the building foundation may have significant benefits. Therefore, the main aim of this paper was to investigate the behavior of Secant Pile Walls (SPWs) through fifteen model tests with an acceptable scale on an axially loaded SPW embedded in medium and dense sand. This study considered several factors to define wall behavior, such as normalized lateral deflection (
δ
h
/
H
t
%), the vertical deflection of the SPW (
δ
vw
/
H
t
%), vertical ground settlement (
δ
v
/
H
t
%), and settlement influence zone (
D
o
). These factors were investigated and analyzed under the influence of a set of parameters including normalized penetration depth (
H
e
/
H
c
), sand relative density (
D
r
), and surcharge load density (
W
sur
). The findings demonstrated that SPWs had structural and overall stability features to withstand lateral earth pressures as well as applied axial loads. Generally, increasing the
H
e
/
H
c
ratio further than a limit value of 2.0 for the same surcharge load had a limited impact on the ultimate axial capacity, particularly in the case of dense sand. The location of the pivot point (
ε
′) extended from 0.24 to 0.41
H
e
from the wall tip, with a mean value of 0.34
H
e
and 0.29
H
e
for the values of
D
r
= 80 ± 2%, and 60 ± 2%, respectively. Other issues were also discussed for selected samples, including an analysis of the wall's bending moments and any potential wall buckling. Finally, to correlate the experimental data with the theoretical values, a modification factor for the pile static formula was developed by using nonlinear regression analysis with a significant prediction accuracy with an
R
2
of 0.94.
This article investigates creating digital maps for physical and geotechnical characteristics of soil based on Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technology and remote sensing for one of the most ...important areas in Egypt, namely, Delta Nile region, which is characterized by its agricultural and cultural resources. To create accurate digital maps for the soil characteristics of this area, data are collected mechanically, manually and in the laboratory and loaded up with the help of GIS technology using Modified Inverse Distance Weighted as a spatial interpolation technique throughout using 119 soil samples inside Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt. A digital elevation map of the Delta region has been downloaded using remote sensing technology to obtain the reduced levels of the different points for the studied area. Data were analyzed and studied well to produce six digital maps describing the important physical and geotechnical characteristics of soil such as groundwater level, pH water −Log (H
); the percentage of salts and chlorides (NaCl); Sulfate ratio (SO
); average appearance of the sand layer and average appearance of the clay layer. The results indicate a significant increase in the percentage of chlorides and sulfates, as the percentage of chlorides increased at a rate ranging between 2,000 and 6,000 mg L
up to 86.95% of the study area. It was noted that the percentage of sulfates increased at a rate range between 1,000 and more than 2,000 mg L
up to 91.5% of the study area. The final groundwater level ranges between 1.5 and 3 m under ground level, but the largest percentage is at a level of 1.5 m with a percentage up to 70% of the area of the study area. When conducting tests on water to determine the acidity and alkalinity aspect, we concluded that most of the values are between 6.8 and 7.3, with 44.62% for the first and 52.63 for the latter.
The appearance and development of new construction materials, technology and accurate geodetic instruments have led to the necessity of their inevitable use in the health monitoring, maintenance, and ...restoration of civil structures and special structures such as high-rise cooling towers. This paper presents an accurate practical and analytical method for determining the structural deformation and axis inclination of high rise cooling towers using terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) observations through the projection of tower surface points coordinates on a vertical plane. Four cooling towers in El-Mahla El-Kubra city, Egypt are observed and studied. Two of them with height 56 m, and the others were 36 m height. The studied four towers have different cross-section diameters along the tower height. Each tower has a cone shape with a curved wall. The equation of the tower wall is determined using TLS observations and least squares adjustment techniques. The equations of cone projection with a curved wall are derived and presented in this paper. From TLS observations, the radii and accuracy of each 2 m tower height are determined with center coordinates, and then the inclination of the tower axis is calculated and drawn. From the results of TLS observations, data processing, and analysis using the suggested techniques, it is deduced that there is a deformation in tower walls with small values. The specified technique for observations collection and TLS data analysis through projection on a vertical plane is significant and valuable for determining the structural deformation of circular high rise buildings and towers. From the results, there are obvious deformation values in some cooling towers, so maintenance work must be included. The towers also must be checked and monitored several times at brief intervals.
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