L’article examine quelques cas d’apostasie relevés dans différents espaces concernés par le mouvement viking et sa rencontre avec des sociétés chrétiennes. Il aborde successivement les individus ...suspectés d’apostasie, après avoir été subvertis par les Normands, dans le monde carolingien ; puis dans un second temps celui de païens viking convertis à la foi chrétienne et qui retournent au paganisme ou renouent avec la religion et les pratiques païennes une fois établis dans le monde franc, dans les îles Britanniques ou de retour dans leur pays. Il examine enfin le cas de plusieurs rois scandinaves, en particulier le roi norvégien Håkon le Bon. Il ressort de cet examen la relative rareté des cas d’apostasie ; le caractère tardif et infondé des sources qui les allèguent mais aussi des situations d’ «entre-deux » religieux et les réactions qu’elles suscitent.
This article examines some cases of apostasy recorded in different areas concerned by the viking and their meeting with Christianity. It first deals with individuals in the Carolingian world suspected of apostasy after having been subverted by the Normans. It then focuses on viking pagans converted to the Christian faith who returned to paganism or to their religious and pagan practices once established in the Frankish world, in the British Isles or back in their country. It finally reviews the case of Scandinavian kings, especially Håkon the Good, king of Norway. This study shows that cases of apostasy are relatively scarce ; the belated and unfounded nature of the sources alleging them, but also situations of ‘ in-between’ religious status and the reactions produced.
Dit artikel bespreekt enkele gevallen van apostasie die zijn opgetekend in gebieden veroverd door de vikings waar ze in contact komen met de christelijke samenleving. Het behandelt eerst personen die verdacht worden van afvalligheid binnen de Karolingische wereld, na de inbezitneming door de Noormannen. Het concentreert zich vervolgens op viking-heidenen bekeerd tot het christelijk geloof en die naar hun religieuze en heidense gebruiken terugschakelen, eens gevestigd in de Frankische wereld of op de Britse eilanden, of nog teruggekeerd in hun land. Het gaat ook over enkele Scandinavische koningen, waaronder de Noorse koning Håkon de Goede. Deze studie toont het relatieve zeldzaam karakter van apostasie ; de late en ongegronde aard van de bronnen die er over spreken, maar ook situaties van ‘ tussenin’ religieuze status en de reacties erop.
This paper presents the methodology developed in order to thoroughly characterise a solvent extraction system containing high solute concentrations. The chemical system selected is ...N,N-(2-ethylhexyl)isobutyramide (DEHiBA) diluted in one alkane with increasing concentration of uranium(VI). Combining experiments with theoretical calculations allowed a deeper understanding of the extraction mechanism. A thermodynamic study was performed by the classical van't Hoff method and also by direct calorimetry to provide the enthalpies of extraction and specific heats. Dedicated methods like vapour pressure osmometry and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry analysis provide information about the stoichiometry of the extracted species. Spectroscopic investigations with ultraviolet-visible and Fourier transform infrared probed the uranium coordination. Finally, a combination of molecular dynamics simulations, and small and wide-angle X-ray scattering experiments investigated the organisation in the organic phase beyond the molecular scale. It was shown that the high concentrations of uranium extracted have no influence on the stoichiometry of the complexes and the coordination of uranium in the inner sphere. The thermodynamic properties related to the extraction process and obtained with a fine consideration of the activity coefficients showed to be the same as those found with trace concentration. However, an unexpected organisation beyond the molecular scale was observed with an important role of nitrates as bridging ligands which could explain some physico-chemical properties. This approach could be applied to other chemical systems (other N,N-dialkylamides or other cations) to identify the origin of the different affinities between ligands and the difference of selectivity between cations.
Initial crushing and pressing operations have a major influence on the polyphenolic composition of apple juice, therefore, we have tested the impact of variations of this step using three cider apple ...cultivars of contrasting polyphenolic composition: Guillevic, Kermerrien and Dous Moen. Under inert atmosphere, increased temperature (between 5
°C and 24
°C), increased the extraction of procyanidins from fruit to juice. The crushed apples were also subjected to four conditions of oxidation: preserved from oxidation as above, short contact with air, short contact with air and mixing, long contact with air and mixing. Oxidation decreased the concentrations of native polyphenols in the juices, especially for flavan-3-ols. The golden colour of the juices was initially enhanced with increases in saturation C∗ and a shift of the hue angle from yellow to orange. However, for the highest oxidation state the colour became paler and more yellow. Bitterness and astringency decreased upon oxidation, probably due to increased retention of oxidised moieties.
Suite à l’ampleur médiatique planétaire liée au scandale de l’affaire du clonage supposé du premier bébé humain en 2002, le mouvement raélien, organisation ufologique et charismatique fondée en 1974 ...par Claude Vorilhon alias Rael, a fondé l’ensemble de sa communication sur Internet, à travers une vingtaine de sites officiels et une constellation de sites informels. Les instances du mouvement posent les bases d’un véritable culte en ligne (Online Religion), en phase avec la définition de Christopher Helland : la « méditation planétaire en ligne ». Elle se présente comme une séance de méditation hebdomadaire sur Internet depuis un chatroom où se rencontrent des individus figurés par des avatars qui suivent une séance de méditation dont ils sont censés reproduire les gestes et les postures dans le monde physique. Cet article rend compte d’une enquête ethnographique menée sur Internet et en présentiel, au domicile de fidèle, et interroge la relation entre le monde physique et celui d’Internet dans cette pratique. L’article caractérise la dimension rituelle de la MPL en montrant qu’il s’agit d’un culte en ligne, et met en lumière la dynamique de transfert rituel entre la MPL et la « méditation sensuelle », une pratique de base du mouvement. Néanmoins, si on raisonne en termes d’efficacité symbolique, plusieurs éléments pourraient permettre de comprendre l’essoufflement d’une pratique qui se présente davantage comme un « artefact communicationnel religieux ».
The effect of choline addition on the salt-induced super activity of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is investigated. HRP is presented in the literature as an efficient H2O2 scavenger, and choline is ...the precursor of glycine betaine, a strong osmoprotectant molecule. Both the regulations of H2O2 and of osmoprotectant concentrations are implicated in plants in order to counteract salt-induced cell damage. For the oxidation of 2,2‘-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), sulfate anions were found to play a crucial role in the increase of HRP activity. This induced super activity can be strongly reduced by adding choline chloride. The phenomena provide an example of physicochemical Hofmeister effects playing a central regulatory role in an important biological system.
SO2 from volcanic eruptions is now operationally monitored from space in both the ultraviolet (UV) and thermal infrared (TIR) spectral range, but anthropogenic SO2 has almost solely been measured ...from UV sounders. Indeed, TIR instruments are well known to have a poor sensitivity to the planetary boundary layer (PBL), due to generally low thermal contrast (TC) between the ground and the air above it. Recent studies have demonstrated the capability of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) to measure near-surface SO2 locally, for specific atmospheric conditions. In this work, we develop a retrieval method allowing the inference of SO2 near-surface concentrations from IASI measurements at a global scale. This method consists of two steps. Both are based on the computation of radiance indexes representing the strength of the SO2 ν3 band in IASI spectra. The first step allows the peak altitude of SO2 to be retrieved and near-surface SO2 to be selected. In the second step, 0–4 km columns of SO2 are inferred using a look-up table (LUT) approach. Using this new retrieval method, we obtain the first global distribution of near-surface SO2 from IASI-A, and identify the dominant anthropogenic hotspot sources and volcanic degassing. The 7-year daily time evolution of SO2 columns above two industrial source areas (Beijing in China and Sar Cheshmeh in Iran) is investigated and correlated to the seasonal variations of the parameters that drive the IASI sensitivity to the PBL composition. Apart from TC, we show that humidity is the most important parameter which determines IR sensitivity to near-surface SO2 in the ν3 band. As IASI provides global measurements twice daily, the differences between the retrieved columns for the morning and evening orbits are investigated. This paper finally presents a first intercomparison of the measured 0–4 km columns with an independent iterative retrieval method and with observations of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI).
Hydrophobic ionic liquids containing 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylpyridinium B2M3MPYR, 1-butyl-3,5-dimethylpyridinium B3M5MPYR, 1-butyl-2-methyl-5-ethylpyridinium B2M5EPYR, 1-butyl-2,3,5-trimethylpyridinium ...B2M3M5MPYR, 1-octyl-2,3-dimethylpyridinium O2M3MPYR, 1-octyl-3,5-dimethylpyridinium O3M5MPYR, 1-octyl-2-methyl-5-ethylpyridinium O2M5EPYR, or 1-octyl-2,3,5-trimethylpyridinium O2M3M5MPYR as the cation and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide NTf2, trifluoromethanesulfonate TfO, dicyanamide N(CN)2, thiocyanate SCN or iodide as the anion have been synthesized, and their physicochemial properties have been studied. Thermal properties, solubilities in water and water contents, UV−vis spectra, densities, refractive indices, electrochemical windows, and toxicities on Vibrio fischeri have been measured. These ionic liquids, most of which are liquid at room temperature, exhibit high refractive indices and increased hydrophobicity. Despite high toxicity values toward V. fischeri, ionic liquids containing a dialkylpyridinium or trialkylpyridinium cation with an octyl chain represent good alternatives to extracting solvents.
Nosocomial case (NC) of COVID-19 infections is a challenge for hospitals. We report the results of a seven-month prospective cohort study investigating COVID-19 patients to assess unexpected cases ...(UC) (no COVID-19 precautionary measure application since admission) and NC.
Investigation by an infection control team of 844 patients with COVID-19 infection hospitalized for more than 24 hours (cases).
A total of 301 UC were identified (31% after contact tracing) with a total of 129 contact patients, and 27 secondary cases for 59 of them. In geriatric wards, 50% of cases were UC. NC represented 18% of cases (37% in geriatric wards), mainly identified after contact tracing of wandering cases.
A rapid infection control response is essential to contain nosocomial transmission, along with detailed contact tracing and screening policy. Dealing with wandering elderly patients remain challenging for HCWs.
Emission of volcanic gas is thought to be the dominant process by which volatiles transit from the deep earth to the atmosphere. Volcanic gas emissions, remain poorly constrained, and volcanoes of ...Peru are entirely absent from the current global dataset. In Peru, Sabancaya and Ubinas volcanoes are by far the largest sources of volcanic gas. Here, we report the first measurements of the compositions and fluxes of volcanic gases emitted from these volcanoes. The measurements were acquired in November 2015. We determined an average SO2 flux of 15.3±2.3kgs−1 (1325-tonday−1) at Sabancaya and of 11.4±3.9kgs−1 (988-tonday−1) at Ubinas using scanning ultraviolet spectroscopy and dual UV camera systems. In-situ Multi-GAS analyses yield molar proportions of H2O, CO2, SO2, H2S and H2 gases of 73, 15, 10 1.15 and 0.15mol% at Sabancaya and of 96, 2.2, 1.2 and 0.05mol% for H2O, CO2, SO2 and H2S at Ubinas. Together, these data imply cumulative fluxes for both volcanoes of 282, 30, 27, 1.2 and 0.01kgs−1 of H2O, CO2, SO2, H2S and H2 respectively. Sabancaya and Ubinas volcanoes together contribute about 60% of the total CO2 emissions from the Central Volcanic zone, and dominate by far the total revised volatile budget of the entire Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes.
•First characterization of plume composition at Sabancaya and Ubinas volcanoes•Volatile flux from the CVZ is nearly three time higher than previously estimated.•Intense and periodic degassing activity at Sabancaya attested to probable magma convection at shallow depth.
We consider the class of surfactants called “extractants” since they specifically interact with some cations and are used in liquid-liquid separation processes. We review here features of water-poor ...reverse micelles in water/oil/ extractant systems as determined by combined structural studies including small angle scattering techniques on absolute scale. Origins of instabilities, liquid-liquid separation as well as emulsification failure are detected. Phase diagrams contain the same multi-phase domains as classical microemulsions, but special unusual features appear due to the high spontaneous curvature directed towards the polar cores of aggregates as well as rigidity of the film made by extracting molecules.
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