We establish an asymptotic formula of the Montgomery–Hooley type describing the variance of the distribution of the number of Goldbach representations in arithmetic progressions.
Abstract Background Concerns have been raised about the risk of fractures with acid-suppressive medications, such as proton pump inhibitors and histamine2 -receptor antagonists. Methods This ...meta-analysis evaluated the association between proton pump inhibitor or histamine2 -receptor antagonist use and fractures. We performed a systematic search of published literature (1970 to October 10, 2010) in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and other sources. Ten publications reporting 11 studies were considered eligible for analysis. Results All studies were observational case-control or cohort studies and primarily evaluated older adults. The summary effect estimate for risk of hip fracture increased modestly among individuals taking proton pump inhibitors (relative risk RR 1.30, 95% confidence interval CI, 1.19-1.43). There also was an increase in spine (RR 1.56, 95% CI, 1.31-1.85) and any-site fractures (RR 1.16, 95% CI, 1.04-1.30) among proton pump inhibitor users. These findings were similar in both men and women and after stratification by duration of use. In contrast, histamine2 -receptor antagonist use was not significantly associated with increased risk of hip fracture (RR 1.12, 95% CI, 0.97-1.30). Conclusion In this meta-analysis of observational studies, proton pump inhibitors modestly increased the risk of hip, spine, and any-site fractures, whereas histamine2 -receptor antagonists were not associated with fracture risk. The possibility of residual confounding cannot be excluded. Further skeletal evaluation should be considered for patients who are taking proton pump inhibitors and also at risk for osteoporotic fracture.
Aims/hypothesis
Epidemiological studies that have examined associations between long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults are inconsistent, and ...studies on insulin resistance are scarce. We aimed to assess the association between traffic-related air pollution and insulin resistance in children.
Methods
Fasting blood samples were collected from 397 10-year-old children in two prospective German birth cohort studies. Individual-level exposures to traffic-related air pollutants at the birth address were estimated by land use regression models. The association between air pollution and HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was analysed using a linear model adjusted for several covariates including birthweight, pubertal status and BMI. Models were also further adjusted for second-hand smoke exposure at home. Sensitivity analyses that assessed the impact of relocating, study design and sex were performed.
Results
In all crude and adjusted models, levels of insulin resistance were greater in children with higher exposure to air pollution. Insulin resistance increased by 17.0% (95% CI 5.0, 30.3) and 18.7% (95% CI 2.9, 36.9) for every 2SDs increase in ambient NO
2
and particulate matter ≤10 μm in diameter, respectively. Proximity to the nearest major road increased insulin resistance by 7.2% (95% CI 0.8, 14.0) per 500 m.
Conclusions/interpretation
Traffic-related air pollution may increase the risk of insulin resistance. Given the ubiquitous nature of air pollution and the high incidence of insulin resistance in the general population, the associations examined here may have potentially important public health effects despite the small/moderate effect sizes observed.
Almost half the cells and 1% of the unique genes found in our bodies are human, the rest are from microbes, predominantly bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses. These microorganisms collectively form ...the human microbiota, with most colonizing the gut. Recent technological advances, open access data libraries, and application of high‐throughput sequencing have allowed these microbes to be identified and their contribution to neurological health to be examined. Emerging evidence links perturbations in the gut microbiota to neurological disease, including disease risk, activity, and progression. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in microbiome research in relation to neuro(auto)immune and neurodegenerative conditions affecting humans, such as multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, Huntington disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Study design and terminology used in this rapidly evolving, highly multidisciplinary field are summarized to empower and engage the neurology community in this “newly discovered organ.” Ann Neurol 2017;81:369–382
Background
In early childhood, the allergen‐specific IgG repertoire is mainly directed to animal and vegetable food molecules and infrequently to airborne molecules. It is unknown whether this early ...pattern is maintained throughout childhood.
Objective
To investigate the evolution of IgG and IgE responses to a broad panel of allergenic molecules from birth to age 10 years.
Methods
We examined the sera collected between birth and age 10 years from participants in the German Multicentre Allergy Study, a birth cohort born in 1990. The IgE (cutoff ≥0.30 ISU) and IgG (cutoff ≥0.10 ISU) responses to 35 genuine allergenic molecules were measured with a multiplex microarray approach (ImmunoCAP ISAC™).
Results
IgE responses were mostly directed against a restricted group of airborne molecules, with a sequence and prevalence hierarchy (Phl p 1> Bet v 1> Fel d 1> Phl p 5> Der p 2> Der p 1) largely maintained over time. Conversely, the IgG repertoire was much broader, starting with animal foodborne, then spreading to vegetable foodborne and finally to airborne molecules. A strong and persistent IgG response to a given airborne molecule almost invariably preceded or accompanied an IgE response to that molecule.
Conclusions
The evolution of IgG and IgE responses throughout childhood differs widely at population level. IgG responses are mostly directed to animal food allergens, while IgE responses are dominated by airborne allergens. However, a strong IgG response almost invariably precedes or accompanies the appearance of IgE to the same molecule in specifically sensitized subjects.
•Overview of dimethyl ether properties, production and applications.•Survey of fundamental information about dewatering and lipid extraction with DME.•Summary of the most recent research concerning ...biomass extraction.•Book of facts for research & engineering in DME extractions.
In the recent years the global demand for biomass derived valuables has increased. Dimethyl ether (DME) showed to be a promising green solvent to access a broad spectrum of compounds via pressurized liquid extraction. Especially during the processing of wet biomasses, DME revealed advantages over traditional solvents. The present review gives a brief overview on DME production, alternative uses and current legal requirements. It additionally provides the reader with fundamental knowledge about the DME extraction system and the most crucial data for practical use. Furthermore, it gives comprehensive information about the most relevant applications, such as biomass dewatering and lipid extraction, as well as discussing key factors and future challenges. This work is intended to serve as a guideline which helps in the development and improvement of current and future biorefineries.
Abstract NLRP3 inflammasome activation seems to be a culprit behind the chronic inflammation characteristic of obesity and insulin resistance (IR). Nutrient excess generates danger-associated ...molecules that activate NLRP3 inflammasome-caspase 1, leading to maturation of IL-1β and IL-18, which are proinflammatory cytokines released by immune cells infiltrating the adipose tissue (AT) from obese subjects. Although several studies have reported an association of the NLRP3 inflammasome with obesity and/or IR; contradictory results were also reported by other studies. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to summarize results of studies that evaluated the association of the NLRP3 with obesity and IR. Nineteen studies were included in the review. These studies focused on NLRP3 expression/polymorphism analyses in AT. Overall, human studies indicate that obesity and IR are associated with increased NLRP3 expression in AT. Studies in obese mice corroborate this association. Moreover, high fat diet (HFD) increases Nlrp3 expression in murine AT while calorie-restricted diet decreases its expression. Hence, Nlrp3 blockade in mice protects against HFD-induced obesity and IR. NLRP3 rs10754558 polymorphism is associated with risk for T2DM in Chinese Han populations. In conclusion, available studies strongly points for an association between NLRP3 inflammasome and obesity/IR.
Osteoporosis Management in the Era of COVID‐19 Yu, Elaine W; Tsourdi, Elena; Clarke, Bart L ...
Journal of bone and mineral research,
June 2020, Letnik:
35, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Prospective Life Cycle Assessment (pLCA) is useful to evaluate the environmental performance of current and emerging technologies in the future. Yet, as energy systems and industries are rapidly ...shifting towards cleaner means of production, pLCA requires an inventory database that encapsulates the expected changes in technologies and the environment at a given point in time, following specific socio-techno-economic pathways. To this end, this study introduces premise, a tool to streamline the generation of prospective inventory databases for pLCA by integrating scenarios generated by Integrated Assessment Models (IAM). More precisely, premise applies a number of transformations on energy-intensive activities found in the inventory database ecoinvent according to projections provided by the IAM. Unsurprisingly, the study shows that, within a given socio-economic narrative, the climate change mitigation target chosen affects the performance of nearly all activities in the database. This is illustrated by focusing on the effects observed on a few activities, such as systems for direct air capture of CO2, lithium-ion batteries, electricity and clinker production as well as freight transport by road, in relation to the applied sector-based transformation and the chosen climate change mitigation target. This work also discusses the limitations and challenges faced when coupling IAM and LCA databases and what improvements are to be brought in to further facilitate the development of pLCA.
Display omitted
•Prospective LCA can benefit from projections of models such as IAM.•Premise streamlines the production of LCA databases based on prospective scenarios.•Emissions and energy efficiencies of major industries are aligned with IAM scenarios.•Stricter greenhouse gas targets result in larger transformations in the LCA database.•However, such targets result in increased LCA impacts other than global warming.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic condition affecting one quarter of the global population. Although primarily linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome, undernutrition and the ...altered (dysbiotic) gut microbiome influence NAFLD progression. Both undernutrition and NAFLD prevalence are predicted to considerably increase, but how the undernourished gut microbiome contributes to hepatic pathophysiology remains far less studied. Here, we present undernutrition conditions with fatty liver features, including kwashiorkor and micronutrient deficiency. We then review the gut microbiota-liver axis, highlighting key pathways linked to NAFLD progression within both overnutrition and undernutrition. To conclude, we identify challenges and collaborative possibilities of emerging multiomic research addressing the pathology and treatment of undernourished NAFLD.
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