The swiss mountain policy plays an integral part in the national independence and neutrality of the Confederation. Its aim is to be nutritionally self sufficient (it reached as high as 64 % in 1983) ...to ensure the protection and the maintenance of territory and a sufficient population in the more remote regions. Without a specific policy adapted to include mountain territory which covers 70 % of the land and constitutes 37 % of the farms, these aims couldn't be achieved. The mountain policy defined in 1951 tries to maintain and encourage the family farms and to guarantee their income. This article analyses the aims, the methods and the results of this policy and it creates some examples for France.
La politique agricole suisse fait partie intégrante de la politique d'indépendance nationale et de neutralité de la Confédération. Elle a pour objectif d'assurer l'autosuffisance alimentaire (qui atteint 64 % en 1983), la protection et l'entretien du territoire, un peuplement suffisant des régions marginales. Sans une politique spécifique des zones de montagne qui couvrent 70 % du territoire et rassemblent 37 % des exploitations, ces objectifs en matière de production agricole et d'aménagement de l'espace ne pourraient être atteints. Définie à partir de 1951 , la politique de la montagne cherche à favoriser le maintien et le développement des exploitations familiales et à garantir leur revenu. Cet article analyse les objectifs, les moyens et les résultats de cette politique et en tire quelques enseignements pour la France.
fre La politique agricole suisse fait partie intégrante de la politique d'indépendance nationale et de neutralité de la Confédération. Elle a pour objectif d'assurer l'autosuffisance alimentaire (qui ...atteint 64 % en 1983), la protection et l'entretien du territoire, un peuplement suffisant des régions marginales. Sans une politique spécifique des zones de montagne qui couvrent 70 % du territoire et rassemblent 37 % des exploitations, ces objectifs en matière de production agricole et d'aménagement de l'espace ne pourraient être atteints. Définie à partir de 1951 , la politique de la montagne cherche à favoriser le maintien et le développement des exploitations familiales et à garantir leur revenu. Cet article analyse les objectifs, les moyens et les résultats de cette politique et en tire quelques enseignements pour la France. eng The swiss mountain policy plays an integral part in the national independence and neutrality of the Confederation. Its aim is to be nutritionally self sufficient (it reached as high as 64 % in 1983) to ensure the protection and the maintenance of territory and a sufficient population in the more remote regions. Without a specific policy adapted to include mountain territory which covers 70 % of the land and constitutes 37 % of the farms, these aims couldn't be achieved. The mountain policy defined in 1951 tries to maintain and encourage the family farms and to guarantee their income. This article analyses the aims, the methods and the results of this policy and it creates some examples for France.
The transfer of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hu-PBMC) from adult Epstein-Barr-virus(EBV)-seropositive donors in SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice frequently leads to the ...development of a human B lymphoproliferative syndrome (hu-BLPS). Therefore, as 90% of adult potential donors are EBV-seropositive, efforts have to be made to avoid the occurrence of this B lymphoproliferative disorder. McCune et al. Science 241:1632 (1988) used human fetal organs for a human SCID graft. This system does not give rise to hu-BLPS but human fetal organs are much less available than peripheral blood leucocytes. The experiments reported in this paper show how crucial is the presence of functional T lymphocytes for a graft to take and for development of hu-BLPS in hu-PBMC-reconstituted SCID mice, since inhibition of T lymphocyte by a rat anti-(human CD2) monoclonal antibody (LO-CD2a) during the first 10 days of the graft prevents successful engraftment of human normal lymphocytes as well as hu-BLPS in SCID mice. The transfer of B cells alone or B cells plus monocytes in SCID mice does not permit either long-term engraftment or development of hu-BLPS. We also demonstrate that hu-PBMC treated with L-leucine methyl ester are less susceptible to the development of hu-BLPS after engraftment in SCID mice than are untreated hu-PBMC. The mechanism of action of L-leucine methyl ester on these cells is discussed.
We describe an 'immunoassay-like' detection format, based on the AMPLICIS technique for the routine detection of BCR/ABL transcripts in leukaemic patients. The AMPLICIS technique is characterized as ...a nested PCR coupled to solid phase isotopic or non-isotopic detection of PCR products. Comparison between this assay and a conventional PCR technique using Southern-blot analysis provided a good correlation between the two procedures. The assay, easier and faster than the conventional one, gives access to automation and therefore appears well suited for the routine screening of BCR/ABL chimaeric mRNAs.
Splenectomy (Sx) has been proposed to attenuate post-PE (plasma exchange) rebound of isoagglutinins and xenogenic (XG) antibody (Ab) in both ABO-incompatible allografts and discordant xenografts. ...This study analyses the qualitative nature and kinetics of serum immunoglobulins as well as complement resynthesis after PE in sham-operated (PE) and splenectomized (PE+Sx) syngeneic LOU/C rats; non-PE sham-operated or splenectomized animals were used as controls. PE was performed in unanesthetized, unheparinized rats. Immunoglobulin isotypes and subclasses (IgM, IgG1, IgG2 alpha, IgG2b) of total circulating Ab were measured pre-PE and up to 21 days post-PE, using ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and specific mouse antirat monoclonal Ab. Antiguinea-pig (GP) XG Ab (IgM, IgG2a) serum levels were measured using cellular ELISA with cultured GP endothelial cells as targets. Sx alone significantly reduced XG IgM serum levels (p < 0.0001). Maximal rebound of total and XG IgM was observed on day 3 post-PE, reaching 674% and 187% of the pre-PE levels, respectively; these overshoots were entirely suppressed by Sx (p < 0.005 for total IgM; p < 0.0001 for XG IgM). Total IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG1 as well as XG IgG2a serum levels did not show significant overshoot post-PE. The activity of the complement classical pathway (mean +/- SD), assessed by CH50, was decreased at 51 +/- 19% of basal value 15 minutes after PE, and had returned to baseline level by day 2 post-PE with or without Sx.
(1) Six alone significantly reduced XG IgM serum levels; (2) early post-PE Ab rebound was mainly observed for IgM; (3) both total and XG IgM rebound was inhibited by Sx. This suggests that Sx probably removes a significant proportion of IgM producing cells undergoing post-PE stimulation. These data provide a rationale for combining PE with Sx in ABO-incompatible and discordant XG transplantation.
Our primary objective was to assess the cost of radio-frequency ablation (RFA) of hepatic malignancies and to compare it to hospital reimbursement paid in the French Prospective Payment System (PPS).
...A series of 305 patients were enrolled into a prospective study. All resources used during the RFA-related hospital stay were recorded. Costs were assessed from the perspective of the health care providers and computed for four groups of patients: percutaneous RFA in an outpatient setting (group Ia, N=44), percutaneous RFA in an inpatient setting (group Ib, N=94), laparoscopic RFA (group II, N=44) and intraoperative RFA combined with resection (group III, N=120).
Mean hospital costs were estimated at € 1581 (group Ia), € 3824 (group Ib), € 8194 (group II) and € 12967 (group III). Costs per stay without intensive care in these groups were respectively € 1581, € 3635, € 6622 and € 10905 and reimbursement (intensive care excluded) was € 560, € 3367, € 9084 and € 11780.
In the French PPS, the cost of RFA is covered by lump sums paid to hospitals exclusively for intraoperative and laparoscopic RFA. For percutaneous RFA, which is the most frequent approach, reimbursement is highly insufficient.
Le but de cette étude était d’évaluer le coût de la radiofréquence (RF) hépatique et de le comparer à la rémunération attribuée aux établissements dans le cadre de la tarification à l’activité (T2A).
Trois cent cinq malades ont participé à une étude prospective. Les ressources utilisées au cours de l’hospitalisation ont été relevées. Les coûts ont été évalués du point de vue des établissements de soins pour quatre groupes de malades : RF percutanée en hospitalisation de jour (groupe Ia, N = 44), RF percutanée en hospitalisation conventionnelle (groupe Ib, N = 94), RF par voie cœlioscopique (groupe II, N = 44) et RF peropératoire associée à une résection chirurgicale (groupe III, N = 120).
Le coût moyen par séjour était de 1 581 € (groupe Ia), 3 824 € (groupe Ib), 8 194 € (groupe II) et 12 967 € (groupe III). Hors réanimation, les coûts par séjour étaient respectivement de 1 581 €, 3 635 €, 6 622 € et 10 905 €. Les tarifs T2A (hors réanimation) étaient de 560 €, 3 367 €, 9 084 € et 11 780 €.
Le coût par séjour est couvert par le tarif T2A pour la radiofréquence intraopératoire et cœlioscopique, mais il est insuffisant pour la radiofréquence percutanée qui est l’approche la plus fréquente.
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AVERKORN Raphaela. - Les clercs face aux émeutes urbaines au Bas Moyen Age dans le nord-ouest, nord et nord-est de l’Allemagne 9 BAZIN-TACCHELLA Sylvie. - Un chirurgien-clerc : Guy de Chauliac 31 ...BOIVIN Jeanne-Marie. - Les paradoxes des clerici regis : l’exemple, à la cour d’Henri II Plantegenêt, de Giraud de Barri 45 BONNET Marie-Rose. - Le clerc et le troubadour dans les Vidas provençales 63 BUSCHINGER Danielle. - La critique du clergé dans le roman animalier au Moyen Age 79 COLLOMP Denis. ...
The Union after Nice Moïsi, Dominique; de La Serre, Françoise; Defarges, Philippe Moreau ...
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66, Številka:
2
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