The "forgotten majority" of German merchants in London between the end of the Hanseatic League and the end of the Napoleonic Wars became the largest mercantile Christian immigrant group in the ...eighteenth century. Using previously neglected and little used evidence, this book assesses the causes of their migration, the establishment of their businesses in the capital, and the global reach of the enterprises. As the acquisition of British nationality was the admission ticket to Britain's commercial empire, it investigates the commercial function of British naturalization policy in the early modern period, while also considering the risks of failure and chance for a new beginning in a foreign environment. As more German merchants integrated into British commercial society, they contributed to London becoming the leading place of exchange between the European continent, Russia, and the New World.
So far, scholarship has classified the speculation crises of the eighteenth century as having had no real economic consequences. This study aims to review this theory by looking at seven speculation ...crises. It concludes that these crises did not just have all of the central characteristics of modern speculation crises but also became global in scope with considerable economic and social consequences.
The volume questions traditional nation-centred narratives of the Empire as an exclusively British undertaking by concentrating on the transnational networks of German migrants, pursued over more ...than two centuries in a multitude of geographical settings within the British Empire.
Zwischen 1688 und 1815 verwandelte sich England von einem vergleichsweise unbedeutenden Inselreich zur führenden Handels- und Industriemacht der Welt. Im selben Zeitraum waren drei Viertel der ...Londoner Handelselite kontinentaleuropäischer Herkunft. Diese kaufmännische Immigrantenelite leistete einen kaum zu unterschätzenden Beitrag zum Aufstieg des Empires. Ihre Einbürgerung war im Wettstreit der merkantilistischen Staaten um Reichtum und Vorherrschaft ein wichtiges Instrument der Politik Englands. Margrit Schulte Beerbühl verfolgt Herkunft und Geschichte der deutschen Kaufleute, die den größten Anteil an den Zuwanderern und Eingebürgerten hatten. Struktur und Ausdehnung der von London ausgehenden Handelsnetze werden nachvollziehbar.
Nella storiografia economica, le guerre della Rivoluzione francese e dell'età napoleonica sono considerate come momento di svolta nell'integrazione globale dei mercati. Gli studi storici hanno ...sottolineato gli effetti dirompenti manifestatisi in questo avvio dell'integrazione intra e inter-continentale dei mercati. Fecalizzando l'attenzione sulle pratiche del sistema britannico delle licenze e sulle relazioni transfrontaliere (più o meno nascoste) tra istituzioni pubbliche e imprese private, volte ad aggirare gli embarghi e i blocchi commerciali, questo articolo si propone due obiettivi. Innanzitutto, fornisce un quadro maggiormente comprensivo sulle dimensioni del commercio clandestino e delinea alcune delle strategie usate dai mercanti per organizzare il loro commercio segreto, coinvolgendo i governi dei due stati antagonisti. Inoltre, cerca di rivelare l'abilità e la flessibilità degli imprenditori privati nel riconnettere e nel ristrutturare dei legami mercantili, spezzati a causa della guerra. In the economie history literature the French and Napoleonic Wars are seen as a turning point in the process of global market integration. Historical studies have pointed to the disrupting effects of incipient intra-and intercontinental market integration. By focussing on the practice of the British licence system and the more or less covert relations between public institutions and private enterprise across national borders in circumventing embargos and blockades, this paper pursues two aims: it will paint a more comprehensive picture of the dimensions of undercover trade, and delineate some of the strategies which merchants resorted to in order to organise secret trade, even involving the governments of the two antagonists. It thus reveals the ability and flexibility of private entrepreneurs to reconnect and restructure broken trade links even during the wars.
ABSTRACT IN ITALIAN: Nella storiografia economica, le guerre della Rivoluzione francese e dell'età napoleonica sono considerate come momento di svolta nell'integrazione globale dei mercati. Gli studi ...storici hanno sottolineato gli effetti dirompenti manifestatisi in questo avvio dell'integrazione intra e inter-continentale dei mercati. Focalizzando l'attenzione sulle pratiche del sistema britannico delle licenze e sulle relazioni transfrontaliere (più o meno nascoste) tra istituzioni pubbliche e imprese private, volte ad aggirare gli embarghi e i blocchi commerciali, questo articolo si propone due obiettivi. Innanzitutto, fornisce un quadro maggiormente comprensivo sulle dimensioni del commercio clandestino e delinea alcune delle strategie usate dai mercanti per organizzare il loro commercio segreto, coinvolgendo i governi dei due stati antagonisti. Inoltre, cerca di rivclare l'abilità e la flessibilità degli imprenditori privati nel riconnettere e nel ristrutturare dei legami mercantili, spezzati a causa della guerra. L09 // ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: In the economic history literature the French and Napoleonic Wars are seen as a turning point in the process of global market integration. Historical studies have pointed to the disrupting effects of incipient intra- and intercontinental market integration. By focussing on the practice of the British licence system and the more or less covert relations between public institutions and private enterprise across national borders in circumventing embargos and blockades, this paper pursues two aims; it will paint a more comprehensive picture of the dimensions of undercover trade, and delineate some of the strategies which merchants resorted to in order to organise secret trade, even involving the governments of the two antagonists. It thus reveals the ability and flexibility of private entrepreneurs to reconnect and restructure broken trade links even during the wars.
Since the arrival of chocolate on the European continent about 500 years ago the drink has experienced a continuous process of transformation through migration, imitation and innovation. It has been ...transformed from a luxury of the few to a cheap mass product that has considerably contributed to the obesity of our western population. The last decade has seen further changes: a new culture of luxurious chocolate consumption has evolved and research has been carried out to turn chocolate into a functional food following new scientific findings on the healthy properties of pholyphenol flavanoids in chocolate. The paper aims to explain the changes from an interdisciplinary as well as from a transnational approach. The history of chocolate is a deeply transnational and entangled one. Chocolate has always been a sweet and a medicine. On the one hand it has remained a global product, for the areas of cultivation and production are spatially separated. The big chocolate companies have become multinational enterprises offering increasingly standardised products all over the world. On the other hand the process of globalisation has been entangled with a growing diversification of chocolate products on a local or regional level combined with a continuing appropriation and construction or reconstruction of local, regional or national identities. Chocolate is a sweet which has fascinated people’s creativity more than any other colonial hot drink. The physiological properties of theobromine in the cocoa beans which raise the serotonin level as well as its cultural properties as a comfort, a souvenir, a small present, or a sweet seduction have contributed and will contribute to its continuing fascination and change.
In the economic history literature the French and Napoleonic Wars are seenas a turning point in the process of global market integration. Historical studieshave pointed to the disrupting effects of ...incipient intra- and intercontinental marketintegration. By focussing on the practice of the British licence system and the more orless covert relations between public institutions and private enterprise across nationalborders in circumventing embargos and blockades, this paper pursues two aims: itwill paint a more comprehensive picture of the dimensions of undercover trade, anddelineate some of the strategies which merchants resorted to in order to organisesecret trade, even involving the governments of the two antagonists. It thus reveals theability and flexibility of private entrepreneurs to reconnect and restructure brokentrade links even during the wars.
