El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar y establecer una tipología de sistemas ganaderos de Cotopaxi en el norte de la región Sierra en Ecuador. Los datos fueron recogidos mediante encuestas ...directas a 212 ganaderos y reflejan los principales aspectos técnicos, económicos y productivos de las explotaciones. La tipología fue establecida utilizando técnicas analíticas multivariantes. El análisis de Clusters reveló cuatro agrupamientos. Grupo I, definido como Granjas Pequeñas Familiares (GPF), Grupo II, como Granjas Medianas Familiares (GMF), Grupo III, como Granjas Medianas Familiares Tecnificadas (GMFT) y Grupo IV, como Granjas Muy Pequeñas Familiares (GMPF). Se aplicó un ANAVA. La evaluación indicó diferencias importantes en las explotaciones agrupadas a pesar de que se desarrollan en el mismo entorno agroclimático, operan en los mismos mercados y además, cuentan con información similar, el resultado es un variado universo de situaciones con variaciones relevantes entre sistemas medianos y pequeños por escala y en razón de sus superficies dedicadas a ganadería y a cultivos y sus resultados productivos y de eficiencia medida como ingresos por cada actividad y nivel de gastos.
Interpretation of variants of unknown significance (VUS) in genetic tests is complicated in ethnically diverse populations, given the lack of information regarding the common spectrum of genetic ...variation in clinically relevant genes. Public availability of data obtained from high-throughput genotyping and/or exome massive parallel sequencing (MPS)-based projects from several thousands of outbred samples might become useful tools to evaluate the pathogenicity of a VUS, based on its frequency in different populations. In the case of the Mexican and other Latino populations, several thousands of samples have been genotyped or sequenced during the last few years as part of different efforts to identify common variants associated to common diseases. In this report, we analyzed Mexican population data from a sample of 3985 outbred individuals, and additional 66 hereditary breast cancer patients were analyzed in order to better define the spectrum of common genomic variation of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Our analyses identified the most common genetic variants in these clinically relevant genes as well as the presence and frequency of specific pathogenic mutations present in the Mexican population. Analysis of the 3985 population samples by MPS identified three pathogenic mutations in BRCA1, only one population sample showed a BRCA1 exon 16-17 deletion by MLPA. This resulted in a basal prevalence of deleterious mutations of 0.10% (1:996) for BRCA1 and 11 pathogenic mutations in BRCA2, resulting in a basal prevalence of deleterious mutations of 0.276% (1:362) for BRCA2, combined of 0.376% (1:265). Separate analysis of the breast cancer patients identified the presence of pathogenic mutations in 18% (12 pathogenic mutations in 66 patients) of the samples by MPS and 13 additional alterations by MLPA. These results will support a better interpretation of clinical studies focused on the detection of BRCA mutations in Mexican and Latino populations and will help to define the general prevalence of deleterious mutations within these populations.
Summary
Background
The malignant mechanisms that control the development of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL) are beginning to be identified. Recent evidence suggests that disturbances in specific ...intracellular signalling pathways, such as RAS–mitogen‐activated protein kinase, T‐cell receptor (TCR)–phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCG1)–nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and Janus kinase (JAK)–signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of CTCL.
Objectives
To investigate the mechanisms controlling disease development and progression in mycosis fungoides (MF), the most common form of CTCL.
Methods
We collected 100 samples that were submitted for diagnosis of, or a second opinion regarding, MF between 2001 and 2018, 80% of which were in the early clinical stages of the disease. Formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues were used for histological review and to measure the expression by immunohistochemistry of surrogate markers of activation of the TCR–PLCG1–NFAT, JAK–STAT and NF‐κB pathways. Folliculotropism and large‐cell transformation were also examined.
Results
NFAT and nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) markers showed a comparable activation status in early and advanced stages, while STAT3 activation was more frequent in advanced stages and was associated with large‐cell transformation. Consistently with this observation, STAT3 activation occurred in parallel with MF progression in two initially MF‐negative cases. A significant association of NFAT with NF‐κB markers was also found, reflecting a common mechanism of activation in the two pathways. Genomic studies identified nine mutations in seven genes known to play a potential role in tumorigenesis in T‐cell leukaemia/lymphoma, including PLCG1, JAK3 and STAT3, which underlies the activation of these key cell‐survival pathways. A higher mutational allele frequency was detected in advanced stages.
Conclusions
Our results show that STAT3 is activated in advanced cases and is associated with large‐cell transformation, while the activation of NFAT and NF‐κB is maintained throughout the disease. These findings could have important diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
What's already known about this topic?
Mycosis fungoides is characterized by a clonal expansion of T cells in the skin.
The mechanisms controlling disease development and progression are not fully understood.
What does this study add?
An association of the nuclear factor of activated T cells and nuclear factor kappa B pathways was found, which could reflect a common mechanism of activation. These pathways were activated in early and advanced stages at the same level.
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation was associated with large‐cell transformation and was more frequent in advanced stages.
A genomic analysis of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma‐associated genes was performed. Nine mutations were detected.
What is the translational message?
These results could have important implications for the treatment of MF in the near future.
Linked Comment: Ødum. Br J Dermatol 2020; 182:16–17.
•Microstructural analysis of MoO3 with orthorhombic and hexagonal phases were study.•Nanoparticles of MoO3 was get by calcination of the hexagonal phase and mechanical milling.•MoO3 nanoparticles ...delay short time to adsorb methylene blue, for low concentrations without light irradiation.•Orthorhombic MoO3 nanoparticles can be recycled for 100% Methylene Blue removal.•MoO3 and partial sulfurized particles show adequate tribology behavior.
Molybdenum oxide synthesized by a hydrothermal microwave-assisted method was studied for environmental pollutants removal and tribology tests with excellent results. This method proved to be highly efficient to synthetize hexagonal crystalline structures in a short reaction time. The as synthesized material was stabilized by a heat treatment at 450 °C obtaining the stable MoO3 orthorhombic phase. This structure was tested to remove Methylene Blue (MB) achieving a complete discoloration as a function of the particle size. For tribological studies, MoO3 with orthorhombic phase was sulfurized with H2/H2S flow at 500 °C. The partially sulfurized molybdenum oxide showed an important decrease of the friction coefficient despite its high oxygen content.
Abstract The alteration of structure and function of gut microbiota (dysbiosis) appears to be a major factor associated with metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia and subsequent development of ...cardiovascular diseases. However, the consumption of fermented milks is a promising strategy to enhance health and restore the function of gut microbiota; specifically, in individuals with intestinal dysbiosis and hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential association between gut microbiota and the hypocholesterolemic effect of fermented milks with Lactococcus lacti s NRRL B-571 (FM-571), NRRL B-572 (FM-572) and NRRL B-600 (FM-600) in Sprague–Dawley rats. Fermented milks were administered to hypercholesterolemic Sprague–Dawley rats during seven weeks. At the end of the experimental period, fecal and colonic microbiota were characterized using 16S RNA gene sequencing. Also, the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) content was quantified in feces. Results showed that a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) altered the bacterial community in both fecal and mucosal samples. The consumption of fermented milks, specifically FM-572 promoted changes in the structure (beta diversity) in fecal, but not in mucosal microbiota. The levels of SCFAs in feces were improved after fermented milks consumption. From all SCFAs, butyrate was negatively correlated with total cholesterol, LDL-C ( p < 0.05) and positively correlated with HDL-C ( p < 0.05). Furthermore, Ruminococcaceae , Lactobacillaceae , Lachnospiraceae and Oscillospiraceae families, were negatively associated with total cholesterol, LDL-C ( p < 0.05) and positively associated with HDL-C ( p < 0.05). The abundance of these families was increased in groups treated with fermented milks, particularly with FM-572 ( p < 0.05). Thus, the in vivo hypocholesterolemic effect after the consumption of milks fermented with Lactococcus lactis strains may be related with the modulation of fecal microbiota associated with the increase of butyrate-producing bacteria. Furthermore, these associations may suggest that butyrate may influence the cholesterol metabolism, resulting in the decreasing cholesterol levels. Graphical Abstract
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