A World of Lies The Global Deception Research Team
Journal of cross-cultural psychology,
01/2006, Letnik:
37, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This article reports two worldwide studies of stereotypes about liars. These studies are carried out in 75 different countries and 43 different languages. In Study 1, participants respond to the ...open-ended question “How can you tell when people are lying?” In Study 2, participants complete a questionnaire about lying. These two studies reveal a dominant pan-cultural stereotype: that liars avert gaze. The authors identify other common beliefs and offer a social control interpretation.
The parental fitness of psychiatrically diagnosed individuals is often questioned in termination of parental rights cases. The goal of this article is to shift the focus from a predisposing bias of ...unfitness to a functional-contextual analysis of parenting behavior and competency. Three underlying biased assumptions are relevant for the courts' decision making: (a) that a diagnosis (past or present) predicts inadequate parenting and child risk, (b) that a diagnosis predicts unamenability to parenting interventions, and (c) that a diagnosis means the parent is forever unfit. Each assumption will be considered in light of empirical evidence, with major depression, schizophrenia, substance abuse, and mental retardation provided as examples of diagnostic labels often assumed to render a parent unfit. A research agenda to improve clinicians' ability to assess parental fitness and understanding of how parental mental illness, mental retardation, or substance abuse might compromise parenting capacities is discussed for forensic purposes.
The authors combined a multilevel model of parental context with a multidimensional conceptualization of parent involvement to examine the factors influencing parents' involvement in their children's ...schooling. Three sets of factors were identified: parent and child characteristics, family context, and teacher behavior and attitudes. A diverse sample of 209 mothers, their 3rd-5th grade children, and 28 teachers participated. Parents, teachers, and children reported on 3 types of involvement: school, cognitive, and personal. Mothers who felt efficacious, who saw their roles as that of teacher, and who viewed their children as less difficult were more involved in cognitive activities. A difficult context, social support, and teacher attitudes and practices were associated with both school and personal involvement, though some of these relations were moderated by gender with contextual factors affecting involvement of mothers of boys and classroom factors affecting those of girls. The importance of a multilevel approach to increasing parent involvement is discussed.
Studied the role of pubertal development on depression, externalizing behavior problems, self-esteem, and body-image of 951 Mexican early adolescents. Findings show that the acute experience of ...menarche adversely affected the psychological well-being of girls, specifically in terms of depressive symptomatology. Pubertal change in boys did not appear to affect psychological well-being adversely. (SLD)
Spanking Children: Evidence and Issues Kazdin, Alan E.; Benjet, Corina
Current directions in psychological science : a journal of the American Psychological Society,
06/2003, Letnik:
12, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Whether or not to spank children as a discipline practice is controversial among lay and professional audiences alike. This article highlights different views of spanking, key conclusions about its ...effects, and methodological limitations of the research and the resulting ambiguities that fuel the current debate and plague interpretation. We propose an expanded research agenda to address questions about the goals of parental discipline; the role, if any, that punishment plays in achieving these goals; the effects and side effects of alternative discipline practices; and the impact of punishment on underlying developmental processes.
Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2008;86:757-764. Metodos Los autores llevaron a cabo encuestas de hogares personales con una muestra probabilistica de 3005 adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos ...residentes en el Area metropolitana de Mexico D.F. durante 2005. La prevalencia de trastornos de salud mental y el uso de los servicios correspondientes se evaluaron con la versien computadorizada para adolescentes de la Entrevista CIDI (Composite International Diagnostic Interview) sobre Salud Mental Mundial. Los factores correlacionados con la utilizacien de los servicios y el tratamiento adecuado se determinaron mediante analisis de regresien logistica adaptados al complejo proceso de diseno y ponderacien de muestras.
Examined gender differences in effects of menarche in females and voice change in males, specifically with regard to depression, self-esteem, body image, and externalizing problems. Analyses ...indicated prepubertal males had more externalizing problems and females increased in depression, externalizing problems, and negative body image post menarche. (BF)
The psychometric properties and construct validity of a Spanish self-report scale for screening antisocial personality (ASP) are evaluated. Evidence for validity was sought by comparing a household ...and an emergency room (ER) sample. Nine hundred and twenty men and women were part of
a multistage, stratified, probability sample drawn from all 18-65 year olds in a city in Mexico. ER participants were 1511 patients 18-65 years of age sampled from the three main hospital emergency rooms in that city. Results suggest an adequate internal consistency and a one-factor
structure. Significantly more ASP cases were identified in the ER compared to the household sample, the injured compared to the household sample, the injured compared to the sick, in those whose injuries involved violence, those who had used drugs in the previous 12 months, those who were
moderate to heavy drinkers, and those who were alcohol dependent. The advantages and limitations of the scale are discussed. Limitations notwithstanding, the evidence suggests that as an initial evaluation, the Spanish Language Screen for Antisocial Personality could be valuable for reaching
large Spanish-speaking populations.
The determination of parental "fitness" in termination of parental rights cases is open to much judicial discretion and, thus, potentially open to bias. Even if judges look to mental health ...professionals as expert witnesses, misattributions of racial and ethnic cues may still be likely given the poor state of our parenting models and the lack of ethnically and racially relevant normative data and measurement instruments. A social cognitive framework is used to examine the potential for bias in the nature of categories of information that judges and mental health evaluators currently use to make decisions. Recommendations for research and practice that might enhance judicial and mental health evaluator sensitivity to racial and ethnic differences in interaction, family structure, and parenting practices are reviewed.
Termination of parental rights is one of the most important decisions that the legal system undertakes regarding children's lives. Judges who are called upon to make this decision have increasingly ...looked to mental health professionals to provide scientific information to aid them in decision making. This paper argues that caution needs to be exercised as professionals approach this task, given the limitations of our current theory and data base. Using cognitive theory, places where personal or societal biases can enter evaluations and testimony are highlighted. Behavioral research, it is argued, has much to offer, given its emphasis on a functional approach to understanding behavior. The ways in which behaviorally oriented assessment can be of use to the legal system around this question are outlined and a research agenda for the field is offered.
PDF
