Species and generic recognition in the order
Xylariales
has been uncertain due to lack of molecular data from authentic cultures, as well as overlapping morphological characteristics. In this study, ...we revise the families
Graphostromataceae
,
Hypoxylaceae
,
Lopadostomataceae
and
Xylariaceae
in
Xylariales
. Our study is based on DNA sequence data derived from living cultures of fresh isolates, data from GenBank and morphological observation of type and worldwide herbarium specimens. We also collected new specimens from Germany, Italy and Thailand. Combined analyses of ITS, LSU, RPB2 and β-tubulin sequence data were used to reconstruct the molecular phylogeny of the above families. Generic and familiar boundaries between these families are revised and presented in an updated combined phylogenetic tree. We accept six genera in
Graphostromataceae
, 19 genera in
Hypoxylaceae
, four in
Lopadostomataceae
and 37 genera in
Xylariaceae
. Five genera previously treated in
Xylariaceae
are placed in
Amphisphaeriales
genera
incertae sedis
and seven genera are placed in
Xylariales
genera
incertae sedis.
Two genera are placed in Sordariomycetes genera
incertae sedis
, while four genera are placed as Xylariomycetidae genera
incertae sedis.
Three genera are considered as doubtful.
Barrmaelia
and
Cannonia
, presently included in
Xylariaceae
are transferred to
Diatrypaceae
and
Coniochaetales
respectively, based on their morphology and phylogeny.
Areolospora
and
Myconeesia
are excluded from
Xylariaceae
and synonymized with
Phaeosporis
and
Anthostomella
respectively. Updated descriptions and illustrations are provided for all taxa with notes provided on each genus. Excluded and doubtful genera are listed with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny. Taxonomic keys are provided for all revised families with morphological details for genera within the families.
Fungal diversity notes is one of the important journal series of fungal taxonomy that provide detailed descriptions and illustrations of new fungal taxa, as well as providing new information of ...fungal taxa worldwide. This article is the 11th contribution to the fungal diversity notes series, in which 126 taxa distributed in two phyla, six classes, 24 orders and 55 families are described and illustrated. Taxa in this study were mainly collected from Italy by Erio Camporesi and also collected from China, India and Thailand, as well as in some other European, North American and South American countries. Taxa described in the present study include two new families, 12 new genera, 82 new species, five new combinations and 25 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions as well as sexual-asexual reports. The two new families are
Eriomycetaceae
(Dothideomycetes, family
incertae sedis
) and
Fasciatisporaceae
(
Xylariales
, Sordariomycetes). The twelve new genera comprise
Bhagirathimyces
(
Phaeosphaeriaceae
),
Camporesiomyces
(
Tubeufiaceae
),
Eriocamporesia
(
Cryphonectriaceae
),
Eriomyces
(
Eriomycetaceae
),
Neomonodictys
(
Pleurotheciaceae
),
Paraloratospora
(
Phaeosphaeriaceae
),
Paramonodictys
(
Parabambusicolaceae
),
Pseudoconlarium
(Diaporthomycetidae, genus
incertae sedis
),
Pseudomurilentithecium
(
Lentitheciaceae
),
Setoapiospora
(
Muyocopronaceae
),
Srinivasanomyces
(
Vibrisseaceae
) and
Xenoanthostomella
(
Xylariales
, genera
incertae sedis
). The 82 new species comprise
Acremonium chiangraiense
,
Adustochaete nivea
,
Angustimassarina camporesii
,
Bhagirathimyces himalayensis
,
Brunneoclavispora camporesii
,
Camarosporidiella camporesii
,
Camporesiomyces mali
,
Camposporium appendiculatum
,
Camposporium multiseptatum
,
Camposporium septatum
,
Canalisporium aquaticium
,
Clonostachys eriocamporesiana
,
Clonostachys eriocamporesii
,
Colletotrichum hederiicola
,
Coniochaeta vineae
,
Conioscypha verrucosa
,
Cortinarius ainsworthii
,
Cortinarius aurae
,
Cortinarius britannicus
,
Cortinarius heatherae
,
Cortinarius scoticus
,
Cortinarius subsaniosus
,
Cytospora fusispora
,
Cytospora rosigena
,
Diaporthe camporesii
,
Diaporthe nigra
,
Diatrypella yunnanensis
,
Dictyosporium muriformis
,
Didymella camporesii
,
Diutina bernali
,
Diutina sipiczkii
,
Eriocamporesia aurantia
,
Eriomyces heveae
,
Ernakulamia tanakae
,
Falciformispora uttaraditensis
,
Fasciatispora cocoes
,
Foliophoma camporesii
,
Fuscostagonospora camporesii
,
Helvella subtinta
,
Kalmusia erioi
,
Keissleriella camporesiana
,
Keissleriella camporesii
,
Lanspora cylindrospora
,
Loratospora arezzoensis
,
Mariannaea atlantica
,
Melanographium phoenicis
,
Montagnula camporesii
,
Neodidymelliopsis camporesii
,
Neokalmusia kunmingensis
,
Neoleptosporella camporesiana
,
Neomonodictys muriformis
,
Neomyrmecridium guizhouense
,
Neosetophoma camporesii
,
Paraloratospora camporesii
,
Paramonodictys solitarius
,
Periconia palmicola
,
Plenodomus triseptatus
,
Pseudocamarosporium camporesii
,
Pseudocercospora maetaengensis
,
Pseudochaetosphaeronema kunmingense
,
Pseudoconlarium punctiforme
,
Pseudodactylaria camporesiana
,
Pseudomurilentithecium camporesii
,
Pseudotetraploa rajmachiensis
,
Pseudotruncatella camporesii
,
Rhexocercosporidium senecionis
,
Rhytidhysteron camporesii
,
Rhytidhysteron erioi
,
Septoriella camporesii
,
Setoapiospora thailandica
,
Srinivasanomyces kangrensis
,
Tetraploa dwibahubeeja
,
Tetraploa pseudoaristata
,
Tetraploa thrayabahubeeja
,
Torula camporesii
,
Tremateia camporesii
,
Tremateia lamiacearum
,
Uzbekistanica pruni
,
Verruconis mangrovei
,
Wilcoxina verruculosa
,
Xenoanthostomella chromolaenae
and
Xenodidymella camporesii
. The five new combinations are
Camporesiomyces patagoniensis
,
Camporesiomyces vaccinia
,
Camposporium lycopodiellae
,
Paraloratospora gahniae
and
Rhexocercosporidium microsporum
. The 22 new records on host and geographical distribution comprise
Arthrinium marii
,
Ascochyta medicaginicola
,
Ascochyta pisi
,
Astrocystis bambusicola
,
Camposporium pellucidum
,
Dendryphiella phitsanulokensis
,
Diaporthe foeniculina
,
Didymella macrostoma
,
Diplodia mutila
,
Diplodia seriata
,
Heterosphaeria patella
,
Hysterobrevium constrictum
,
Neodidymelliopsis ranunculi
,
Neovaginatispora fuckelii
,
Nothophoma quercina
,
Occultibambusa bambusae
,
Phaeosphaeria chinensis
,
Pseudopestalotiopsis theae
,
Pyxine berteriana
,
Tetraploa sasicola
,
Torula gaodangensis
and
Wojnowiciella dactylidis
. In addition, the sexual morphs of
Dissoconium eucalypti
and
Phaeosphaeriopsis pseudoagavacearum
are reported from
Laurus nobilis
and
Yucca gloriosa
in Italy, respectively. The holomorph of
Diaporthe cynaroidis
is also reported for the first time.
About 40-70% of drug molecules in the clinical development pipeline suffer from one of either low aqueous solubility, poor absorption, or extremely low bioavailability. Approximately 75% of the world ...population relies on traditional therapies and therefore there has been a growing interest in the utilization of natural compounds. Zerumbone is one such natural compound, classified as a sesquiterpenoid that is extracted from the essential volatile oils of rhizomes from
. It possesses strong antitumor, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activity. However, despite promising preclinical studies demonstrating the therapeutic utility of zerumbone, its clinical development has been limited due to its low aqueous solubility, poor absorption, or associated low bioavailability. Multiple reviews demonstrating the pharmacological effects of zerumbone for various diseases have been published. However, to our knowledge, no review demonstrates the various formulation strategies developed to overcome the biopharmaceutical challenges of zerumbone. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive perspective on zerumbone as a molecule for formulation development. A section related to pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and patents of zerumbone is included. This review provides the importance of developing novel formulations of zerumbone to overcome its biopharmaceutical challenges thereby advance its potential in the treatment of various diseases.
The cosmopolitan plant genus
Clematis
contains many climbing species that can be found worldwide. The genus occurs in the wild and is grown commercially for horticulture. Microfungi on
Clematis
were ...collected from Belgium, China, Italy, Thailand and the UK. They are characterized by morphology and analyses of gene sequence data using an integrated species concept to validate identifications. The study revealed two new families, 12 new genera, 50 new species, 26 new host records with one dimorphic character report, and ten species are transferred to other genera. The new families revealed by multigene phylogeny are Longiostiolaceae and Pseudomassarinaceae in Pleosporales (Dothideomycetes). New genera are
Anthodidymella
(Didymellaceae),
Anthosulcatispora
and
Parasulcatispora
(Sulcatisporaceae),
Fusiformispora
(Amniculicolaceae),
Longispora
(Phaeosphaeriaceae),
Neobyssosphaeria
(Melanommataceae),
Neoleptosporella
(
Chaetosphaeriales
, genera
incertae sedis)
,
Neostictis
(Stictidaceae),
Pseudohelminthosporium
(Neomassarinaceae),
Pseudomassarina
(Pseudomassarinaceae),
Sclerenchymomyces
(Leptosphaeriaceae) and
Xenoplectosphaerella
(Plectosphaerellaceae). The newly described species are
Alloleptosphaeria clematidis
,
Anthodidymella ranunculacearum
,
Anthosulcatispora subglobosa
,
Aquadictyospora clematidis
,
Brunneofusispora clematidis
,
Chaetosphaeronema clematidicola
,
C. clematidis
,
Chromolaenicola clematidis
,
Diaporthe clematidina
,
Dictyocheirospora clematidis
,
Distoseptispora clematidis
,
Floricola clematidis
,
Fusiformispora clematidis
,
Hermatomyces clematidis
,
Leptospora clematidis
,
Longispora clematidis
,
Massariosphaeria clematidis
,
Melomastia clematidis
,
M. fulvicomae
,
Neobyssosphaeria clematidis
,
Neoleptosporella clematidis
,
Neoroussoella clematidis
,
N. fulvicomae
,
Neostictis nigricans, Neovaginatispora clematidis
,
Parasulcatispora clematidis
,
Parathyridaria clematidis, P. serratifoliae
,
P. virginianae
,
Periconia verrucose
,
Phomatospora uniseriata
,
Pleopunctum clematidis
,
Pseudocapulatispora clematidis
,
Pseudocoleophoma clematidis
,
Pseudohelminthosporium clematidis
,
Pseudolophiostoma chiangraiense
,
P. clematidis
,
Pseudomassarina clematidis
,
Ramusculicola clematidis
,
Sarocladium clematidis
,
Sclerenchymomyces clematidis
,
Sigarispora clematidicola
,
S. clematidis
,
S. montanae
,
Sordaria clematidis
,
Stemphylium clematidis
,
Wojnowiciella clematidis
,
Xenodidymella clematidis
,
Xenomassariosphaeria clematidis
and
Xenoplectosphaerella clematidis.
The following fungi are recorded on
Clematis
species for the first time:
Angustimassarina rosarum
,
Dendryphion europaeum
,
Dermatiopleospora mariae
,
Diaporthe ravennica
,
D. rudis
,
Dichotomopilus ramosissimum
,
Dictyocheirospora xishuangbannaensis
,
Didymosphaeria rubi
-
ulmifolii
,
Fitzroyomyces cyperacearum
,
Fusarium celtidicola
,
Leptospora thailandica
,
Memnoniella oblongispora
,
Neodidymelliopsis longicolla
,
Neoeutypella baoshanensis
,
Neoroussoella heveae
,
Nigrograna chromolaenae
,
N. obliqua
,
Pestalotiopsis verruculosa
,
Pseudoberkleasmium chiangmaiense
,
Pseudoophiobolus rosae
,
Pseudoroussoella chromolaenae
,
P. elaeicola
,
Ramusculicola thailandica
,
Stemphylium vesicarium
and
Torula chromolaenae
. The new combinations are
Anthodidymella clematidis
(≡
Didymella clematidis
),
A. vitalbina
(≡
Didymella vitalbina
),
Anthosulcatispora brunnea
(≡
Neobambusicola brunnea
),
Fuscohypha kunmingensis
(≡
Plectosphaerella kunmingensis
),
Magnibotryascoma rubriostiolata
(≡
Teichospora rubriostiolata
),
Pararoussoella mangrovei
(≡
Roussoella mangrovei
),
Pseudoneoconiothyrium euonymi
(≡
Roussoella euonymi
),
Sclerenchymomyces jonesii
(≡
Neoleptosphaeria jonesii
),
Stemphylium rosae
(≡
Pleospora rosae)
, and
S. rosae
-
caninae
(≡
Pleospora rosae
-
caninae
). The microfungi on
Clematis
is distributed in several classes of Ascomycota. The analyses are based on morphological examination of specimens, coupled with phylogenetic sequence data. To the best of our knowledge, the consolidated species concept approach is recommended in validating species.
Flavonoids have emerged as promising compounds capable of preventing colorectal cancer (CRC) due to their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is hypothesized that the metabolites of ...flavonoids are primarily responsible for the observed anti-cancer effects owing to the unstable nature of the parent compounds and their degradation by colonic microflora. In this study, we investigated the ability of one metabolite, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid (2,4,6-THBA) to inhibit Cyclin Dependent Kinase (CDK) activity and cancer cell proliferation. Using in vitro kinase assays, we demonstrated that 2,4,6-THBA dose-dependently inhibited CDKs 1, 2 and 4 and in silico studies identified key amino acids involved in these interactions. Interestingly, no significant CDK inhibition was observed with the structurally related compounds 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4,5-THBA) and phloroglucinol, suggesting that orientation of the functional groups and specific amino acid interactions may play a role in inhibition. We showed that cellular uptake of 2,4,6-THBA required the expression of functional SLC5A8, a monocarboxylic acid transporter. Consistent with this, in cells expressing functional SLC5A8, 2,4,6-THBA induced CDK inhibitory proteins p21
and p27
and inhibited cell proliferation. These findings, for the first time, suggest that the flavonoid metabolite 2,4,6-THBA may mediate its effects through a CDK- and SLC5A8-dependent pathway contributing to the prevention of CRC.
Aculeata
gen. nov.,
Minimelanolocus thailandensis
sp. nov.,
Thysanorea aquatica
sp. nov. and
Veronaea
botryosa
are described and illustrated from submerged wood collected from a freshwater habitat in ...Thailand. Morphological examination and phylogenetic analyses support the classification of the four isolates in
Herpotrichiellaceae
. Their relationships with other morphologically similar taxa are discussed.
Veronaea
botryosa
is reported for the first time from a freshwater habitat.
This study deals with an extensive taxonomic reevaluation focusing on phylogenetic relationships and morphological characterization of Tubeufiales, especially those helicosporous hyphomycetes which ...are difficult to identify. Based on evidence from DNA sequence data and morphology, we introduce 13 new genera in the family Tubeufiaceae,
viz. Acanthotubeufia
,
Dematiohelicoma
,
Dematiohelicomyces
,
Dematiohelicosporum
,
Dematiotubeufia
,
Helicoarctatus
,
Helicohyalinum
,
Helicotruncatum
,
Neochlamydotubeufia
,
Neohelicoma
,
Pleurohelicosporium
,
Pseudohelicomyces
and
Pseudohelicoon
; transfer
Chaetosphaerulina
from Dothideomycetes genera
incertae sedis
, and
Artocarpomyces
and
Helicodochium
from Ascomycetes genera
incertae sedis
into Tubeufiaceae; introduce 52 new species,
viz. Berkleasmium fusiforme
,
B. longisporum
,
Chlamydotubeufia cylindrica
,
Dematiohelicosporum guttulatum
,
Helicoarctatus aquaticus
,
Helicodochium aquaticum
,
Helicohyalinum infundibulum
,
Helicoma aquaticum
,
H. brunneisporum
,
H. cocois
,
H. rufum
,
H. fusiforme
,
H. longisporum
,
H. multiseptatum
,
H. rubriappendiculatum
,
H. septoconstrictum
,
H. tectonae
,
Helicomyces hyalosporus
,
Helicosporium aquaticum
,
H. flavisporum
,
H. setiferum
,
H. vesicarium
,
H. viridiflavum
,
Neochlamydotubeufia fusiformis
,
Neohelicomyces hyalosporus
,
Neohelicosporium acrogenisporum
,
N. astrictum
,
N. ellipsoideum
,
N. irregulare
,
N. krabiense
,
N. laxisporum
,
N. ovoideum
,
Pleurohelicosporium parvisporum
,
Pseudohelicomyces aquaticus
,
P. hyalosporus
,
Tubeufia abundata
,
T. bambusicola
,
T. brevis
,
T. brunnea
,
T. chlamydospora
,
T. dictyospora
,
T. eccentrica
,
T. fangchengensis
,
T. hechiensis
,
T. inaequalis
,
T. krabiensis
,
T. rubra
,
T. sessilis
,
T. sympodihylospora
,
T. sympodilaxispora
,
T. taiwanensis
and
T. tratensis
; provide 43 new combinations,
viz. Acanthohelicospora guianensis
,
Acanthotubeufia filiforme
,
Berkleasmium aquatica
,
B. guangxiense
,
B. latisporum
,
B. thailandicum
,
Dematiohelicoma perelegans
,
D. pulchrum
,
Dematiohelicomyces helicosporus
,
Dematiotubeufia chiangraiensis
,
Helicohyalinum aquaticum
,
Helicoma elinorae
,
H. gigasporum
,
H. hongkongense
,
H. linderi
,
H. nematosporum
,
H. pannosum
,
H. serpentinum
,
Helicomyces chiayiensis
,
Helicotruncatum palmigenum
,
Neochlamydotubeufia khunkornensis
,
Neohelicoma fagacearum
,
Neohelicomyces pallidus
,
Neohelicosporium abuense
,
N. aurantiellum
,
N. griseum
,
N. morganii
,
N. myrtacearum
,
N. nizamabadense
,
N. sympodiophorum
,
N. taiwanense
,
N. vesiculiferum
,
Pseudohelicomyces indicus
,
P. paludosus
,
P. talbotii
,
Pseudohelicoon gigantisporum
,
P. subglobosum
,
Tubeufia dentophora
,
T. geniculata
,
T. lilliputea
,
T. machaerinae
,
T. sympodiophora
and
T. xylophila
; introduce 16 new records,
viz. Dictyospora thailandica
,
Helicomyces colligatus
,
H. torquatus
,
Neohelicosporium guangxiense
,
N. hyalosporum
,
N. parvisporum
,
Thaxteriellopsis lignicola
,
Tubeufia aquatica
,
T. chiangmaiensis
,
T. cylindrothecia
,
T. filiformis
,
T. guangxiensis
,
T. laxispora
,
T. parvispora
,
T. roseohelicospora
and
T. tectonae
. The taxonomy of
Helicoma
,
Helicomyces
and
Helicosporium
is revisited based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological evidence.
Neorhamphoria
is transferred to Bezerromycetaceae. Three species are excluded from the genus
Chlamydotubeufia
, twelve species from
Helicoma
, four species from
Helicomyces
, 25 species from
Helicosporium
, six species from
Neoacanthostigma
and one species from
Tubeufia
. A multi-gene phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of ITS, LSU, RPB2 and TEF1α sequence data of species of Tubeufiales is provided. Detailed descriptions and illustrations are provided, as well as the morphological comparison with similar taxa are explored. The checklist of accepted Tubeufiales species and re-organised Tubeufiales species are provided.
Collections of microfungi on bamboo and grasses in Thailand revealed an interesting species morphologically resembling Lophiostoma, but which can be distinguished from the latter based on multi-locus ...phylogeny. In this paper, a new genus, Sublophiostoma is introduced to accommodate the taxon, S. thailandica sp. nov. Phylogenetic analyses using combined ITS, LSU, RPB2, SSU, and TEF sequences demonstrate that six strains of the new species form a distinct clade within Pleosporales, but cannot be assigned to any existing family. Therefore, a new family Sublophiostomataceae (Pleosporales) is introduced to accommodate the new genus. The sexual morph of Sublophiostomataceae is characterized by subglobose to hemisphaerical, ostiolate ascomata, with crest-like openings, a peridium with cells of textura angularis to textura epidermoidea, cylindric-clavate asci with a bulbous or foot-like narrow pedicel and a well-developed ocular chamber, and hyaline, fusiform, 1-septate ascospores surrounded by a large mucilaginous sheath. The asexual morph (coelomycetous) of the species are observed on culture media.
The classification of subclass
Xylariomycetidae
is revisited with additional collections and phylogeny based on novel rDNA sequence data. Phylogenetic inferences are provided and are based on ...analysis of 115 sequence data, including new data for 27 strains. An updated outline to the subclass is presented based on the phylogenies and comprises two orders, 18 families and 222 genera. An account of each order, family and genus in the subclass is given. We accept the orders
Amphisphaeriales
and
Xylariales
based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence.
Amphisphaeriales
comprises
Amphisphaeriaceae
,
Bartaliniaceae
fam. nov.,
Clypeosphaeriaceae
,
Discosiaceae
fam. nov.,
Pestalotiopsidaceae
fam. nov. and
Phlogicylindriaceae
fam. nov.
Xylariales
comprises
Apiosporaceae
,
Cainiaceae
,
Coniocessiaceae
,
Diatrypaceae
,
Graphostromataceae
(doubtful),
Hyponectriaceae
,
Iodosphaeriaceae
,
Lopadostomaceae
fam. nov.,
Melogrammataceae
,
Pseudomassariaceae
fam. nov.,
Vialaeaceae
and
Xylariaceae
. The new genera and species introduced are
Arthrinium hyphopodii
,
A. subglobosa
,
Cainia anthoxanthis
,
Ciferriascosea
gen. nov.,
C. fluctamurum
,
C. rectamurum
,
Discosia neofraxinea
,
D. pseudopleurochaeta
,
Hyalotiella rubi
,
Seimatosporium cornii
,
S. ficeae
,
S. vitis
and
Truncatella spartii
.
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