An inductorless low-noise amplifier (LNA) with active balun is proposed for multi-standard radio applications between 100 MHz and 6 GHz. It exploits a combination of a common-gate (CGH) stage and an ...admittance-scaled common-source (CS) stage with replica biasing to maximize balanced operation, while simultaneously canceling the noise and distortion of the CG-stage. In this way, a noise figure (NF) close to or below 3 dB can be achieved, while good linearity is possible when the CS-stage is carefully optimized. We show that a CS-stage with deep submicron transistors can have high IIP2, because the nu gs ldr nu ds cross-term in a two-dimensional Taylor approximation of the I DS (V GS , V DS ) characteristic can cancel the traditionally dominant square-law term in the I DS (V GS ) relation at practical gain values. Using standard 65 nm transistors at 1.2 V supply voltage, we realize a balun-LNA with 15 dB gain, NF < 3.5 dB and IIP2 > +20 dBm, while simultaneously achieving an IIP3 > 0 dBm. The best performance of the balun is achieved between 300 MHz to 3.5 GHz with gain and phase errors below 0.3 dB and plusmn2 degrees. The total power consumption is 21 mW, while the active area is only 0.01 mm 2 .
The Blixer, a Wideband Balun-LNA-I/Q-Mixer Topology Blaakmeer, S.C.; Klumperink, E.; Leenaerts, D.M.W. ...
IEEE journal of solid-state circuits,
12/2008, Letnik:
43, Številka:
12
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This paper proposes to merge an I/Q current-commutating mixer with a noise-canceling balun-LNA. To realize a high bandwidth, the real part of the impedance of all RF nodes is kept low, and the ...voltage gain is not created at RF but in baseband where capacitive loading is no problem. Thus a high RF bandwidth is achieved without using inductors for bandwidth extension. By using an I/Q mixer with 25% duty-cycle LO waveform the output IF currents have also 25% duty-cycle, causing 2 times smaller DC-voltage drop after IF filtering. This allows for a 2 times increase in the impedance level of the IF filter, rendering more voltage gain for the same supply headroom. The implemented balun-LNA-I/Q-mixer topology achieves > 18 dB conversion gain, a flat noise figure < 5.5 dB from 500 MHz to 7 GHz, IIP2 = +20 dBm and IIP3 = -3 dBm. The core circuit consumes only 16 mW from a 1.2 V supply voltage and occupies less than 0.01 mm 2 in 65 nm CMOS.
A Bluetooth radio in 0.18- mu m CMOS van Zeijl, P; Eikenbroek, J-WT; Vervoort, P-P ...
IEEE journal of solid-state circuits,
12/2002, Letnik:
37, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This paper describes the results of an implementation of a Bluetooth radio in a 0.18- mu m CMOS process. A low-IF image-reject conversion architecture is used for the receiver. The transmitter uses ...direct IQ-upconversion. The VCO runs at 4.8-5.0 GHz, thus facilitating the generation of 0 degree and 90 degree signals for both the receiver and transmitter. By using an inductor-less LNA and the extensive use of mismatch simulations, the smallest silicon area for a Bluetooth radio implementation so far can be reached: 5.5 mm super(2). The transceiver consumes 30 mA in receive mode and 35 mA in transmit mode from a 2.5 to 3.0-V power supply. As the radio operates on the same die as baseband and SW, the crosstalk-on-silicon is an important issue. This crosstalk problem was taken into consideration from the start of the project. Sensitivity was measured at -82 dBm.
An inductorless LNA with active balun is designed for multi-standard radio applications between 100 MHz and 6 GHz. It exploits a combination of a common gate stage and a common source stage with ...replica biasing to maximize balanced operation. The NF is designed to be around 3 dB by using the noise canceling technique. Its best performance is achieved between 300 MHz to 3.5 GHz with gain and phase errors below 0.3 dB and plusmn2 degrees, 15 dB gain, S11<-14 dB, IIP3=0 dBm and IIP2 higher than +20 dBm at a total power consumption of 21 mW. The circuit is fabricated in a baseline 65 nm CMOS process, with an active area of only 0.01 mm 2 . The circuit simultaneously achieves impedance matching, noise canceling and a well balanced output.
This paper proposes to merge an I/Q current-commutating mixer with a noise-canceling balun-LNA. To realize a high bandwidth, the real part of the impedance of all RF nodes is kept low, and the ...voltage gain is not created at RF but in baseband abstract truncated by publisher.
Ziegler–Natta catalysts are the workhorses of polyolefin production. However, although they have been used and intensively studied for half a century, there is still no comprehensive picture of their ...mechanistic operation. New techniques are needed to gain more insight in these catalysts. Solid-state NMR has reached a high level of sophistication over the last few decades and holds great promise for providing a deeper insight in Ziegler–Natta catalysis. This review outlines the possibilities for solid-state NMR to characterize the different components and interactions in Ziegler–Natta and metallocene catalysts. An overview is given of some of the expected mechanisms and the resulting polymer microstructure and other characteristics. In the second part of this review we present studies that have used solid-state NMR to investigate the composition of Ziegler–Natta and metallocene catalysts or the interactions between their components.
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•In-depth introduction of Ziegler–Natta catalysis.•Overview of solid-state NMR research into Ziegler–Natta based catalysis for the production of polyolefines.•Overview of solid-state NMR research into metallocene based catalysis for the production of polyolefines.
A Bluetooth radio in 0.18-mum CMOS van Zeijl, P; Eikenbroek, J-W T; Vervoort, P-P ...
IEEE journal of solid-state circuits,
12/2002, Letnik:
37, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This paper describes the results of an implementation of a Bluetooth radio in a 0.18-mum CMOS process. A low-IF image-reject conversion architecture is used for the receiver. The transmitter uses ...direct IQ-upconversion. The VCO runs at 4.8-5.0 GHz, thus facilitating the generation of 0 deg and 90 deg signals for both the receiver and transmitter. By using an inductor-less LNA and the extensive use of mismatch simulations, the smallest silicon area for a Bluetooth radio implementation so far can be reached: 5.5 mm(2). The transceiver consumes 30 mA in receive mode and 35 mA in transmit mode from a 2.5 to 3.0-V power supply. As the radio operates on the same die as baseband and SW, the crosstalk-on-silicon is an important issue. This crosstalk problem was taken into consideration from the start of the project. Sensitivity was measured at -82 dBm.
A broadband LNA incorporating single-ended to differential conversion, has been successfully implemented using a noise-canceling technique and a single on-chip transformer. The LNA achieves a high ...voltage gain of 19dB, a wideband input match (2.5-4.0 GHz), and a noise figure of 4-5.4 dB, while consuming only 8mW. The LNA is implemented in a 90nm CMOS process with 6 metal layers
This paper deals with the problem of realizing wideband receiver front-ends in downscaled CMOS technologies, which are highly wanted for multi-standard radio receivers and cognitive radio ...applications. Instead of using many narrowband inductor based receivers, we prefer the use of one wideband receiver with sufficient bandwidth to cover all popular frequency bands up to 6 GHz or even 10 GHz. To relax RF filter requirements, high linearity is required, while high gain and low noise are important for good sensitivity. Downscaled CMOS technologies feature high speed transistors, but also decreasing supply voltages and increasing transistor non-idealities, which makes it increasingly difficult to achieve high gain and good linearity. It will be shown that a combination of a common-gate (CG) stage and an admittance-scaled common-source (CS) stage has attractive properties for implementing a wideband receiver with active balun, while simultaneously canceling the noise and distortion of the CG-stage. Example applications in a wideband Balun-LNA and combined Balun-LNA-mixer will be shown.
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