Gender Differences in Pay Blau, Francine D.; Kahn, Lawrence M.
The Journal of economic perspectives,
10/2000, Letnik:
14, Številka:
4
Journal Article
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We consider the gender pay gap in the United States. Both gender-specific factors, including gender differences in qualifications and discrimination, and overall wage structure, the rewards for ...skills and employment in particular sectors, importantly influence the gender pay gap. Declining gender differentials in the U.S., and the more rapid closing of the gender pay gap in the U.S. than elsewhere, appear to be primarily due to gender-specific factors. However, the relatively large gender pay gap in the U.S. compared to a number of other advanced countries seems primarily attributable to the very high level of U.S. wage inequality.
Using a large sample of establishments drawn from the Multi‐City Study of Urban Inequality employer survey, we studied gender differences in promotion rates and in the wage gains attached to ...promotions. Several unique features of our data distinguish our analysis from the previous literature on this topic. First, we have information on the wage increases attached to promotions, and relatively few studies on gender differences have considered promotions and wage increases together. Second, our data include job‐specific worker performance ratings, allowing us to control for performance and ability more precisely than through commonly used skill indicators such as educational attainment or tenure. Third, in addition to standard information on occupation and industry, we have data on a number of other firm characteristics, enabling us to control for these variables while still relying on a broad, representative sample, as opposed to a single firm or a similarly narrowly defined population. Our results indicate that women have lower probabilities of promotion and expected promotion than men do but that there is essentially no gender difference in wage growth with or without promotions.
A statistical method for extracting the η → γγ signal upon rejecting those γ clusters that form pairs with invariant masses close to that of the π
0
meson is proposed. The η selection efficiency (the ...ratio between the numbers of selected and produced η mesons) and the signal-to-background ratio as a function of the η transverse momentum are obtained using a template of proton–proton collisions at
= 13 TeV simulated with PYTHIA 8.2 (with Monash-2013 tuning). The proposed method provides for an η → γγ selection efficiency of ~80% and for a 20–50% increase in the signal-to-background ratio compared to currently implemented techniques.
In all Western societies women earn lower wages on average than men. The gender wage gap has existed for many years, although there have been some important changes over time. This volume of ...collected papers contains extensive research on progress made by women in the labor market, and the characteristics and causes of remaining gender inequalities. It also covers other dimensions of inequality and their interplay with gender, such as family formation, wellbeing, race, and immigrant status. The author was awarded the 2010 IZA Prize in Labor Economics for this research. Part I comprises an Introduction by the Editors. Part II probes and quantifies the explanations for the gender wage gap, including differential choices made in the labor market by men and women as well as labor market discrimination and employment segregation. It also delineates how the gender wage gap has decreased over time in the United States and suggests explanations for this narrowing of the gap and the more recent slowdown in wage convergence. Part III considers international differences in the gender wage gap and wage inequality and the relationship between the two. Part IV considers a variety of indicators of gender inequality and how they have changed over time in the United States, painting a picture of significant gains in women's relative status across a number of dimensions. It also considers the trends in female labor supply and what they indicate about changing gender roles in the United States and considers a successful intervention designed to increase the relative success of academic women. Part V focuses on inequality by race and immigrant status. It considers not only race difference in wages and the differential progress made by African-American women and men in reducing the race wage gap, but also race differences in wealth which are considerably larger than differences in wages. It also examines immigrant-native differences in the use of transfer payments, and the impact of gender roles in immigrant source countries on immigrant women's labor market assimilation in the U.S. labor market.
We describe two cases of donor‐derived methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia that developed after transplantation of organs from a common donor who died from acute MRSA ...endocarditis. Both recipients developed recurrent MRSA infection despite appropriate antibiotic therapy, and required prolonged hospitalization and hospital readmission. Comparison of S. aureus whole genome sequence of DNA extracted from fixed donor tissue and recipients' isolates confirmed donor‐derived transmission. Current guidelines emphasize the risk posed by donors with bacteremia from multidrug‐resistant organisms. This investigation suggests that, particularly in the setting of donor endocarditis, even a standard course of prophylactic antibiotics may not be sufficient to prevent donor‐derived infection.
This manuscript describes two cases of donor‐derived methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia, confirmed through comparison of S. aureus whole genome sequence of DNA extracted from fixed donor tissue and recipients' isolates, that developed after transplantation of organs from a common donor who died from acute MRSA endocarditis. Also see case report by Altman et al on page 2640.
We present recent results from CBM performance studies for measurements of the directed (v1) flow of π+, Ʌ and Ks0. For the performance studies we use the CBMROOT environment for Monte-Carlo ...simulations and event reconstruction. The Kalman Filter Particle Finder (KFParticleFinder) package is used for hyperon reconstruction via their weak decays, and the Projectile Spectator Detector (PSD) for event plane determination. A status of the fast simulator implementation for the PSD calorimeter response, which is required for high statistics simulation, is also presented.
Heartland Virus–Associated Death in Tennessee Muehlenbachs, Atis; Fata, Cynthia R.; Lambert, Amy J. ...
Clinical infectious diseases,
09/2014, Letnik:
59, Številka:
6
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Background. Heartland virus (HRTV) is a tick-borne phlebovirus recently described in Missouri that is associated with fever, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. The virus has also been detected in ...Ambylomma americanum ticks. Methods. Here we report the first fatal case of HRTV disease in an 80-year-old Tennessee resident. He was hospitalized with fever, confusion, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia and developed multiorgan failure and hemorrhage. A tick-borne illness was suspected and testing for ehrlichiosis was negative. He died on hospital day 15, and autopsy specimens were tested for various pathogens as part of an unexplained death evaluation. Results. HRTV antigens were detected in postmortem spleen and lymph nodes by immunohistochemistry, and HRTV was detected in premortem blood by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and by isolation in cell culture. Conclusions. This case demonstrates that HRTV infection can cause severe disease and death and expands the geographic range of HRTV within the United States.
Determining the death burden for prioritising public health interventions necessitates detailed data on the causal pathways to death. Postmortem minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS), ...incorporating histology, molecular and microbial culture diagnostics, enhances cause-of-death attribution, particularly for infectious deaths. MITS proves a valid alternative to full diagnostic autopsies, especially in low- and middle-income countries. In Soweto, South Africa (SA), the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) programme has delineated over 1 000 child and stillbirth deaths since 2017. This SA CHAMPS site supports advocating for the use of postmortem MITS as routine practice, for more granular insights into under-5 mortality causes. This knowledge is crucial for SA's pursuit of Sustainable Development Goal 3.2, targeting reduced neonatal and under-5 mortality rates. This commentary explores the public health advantages and ethicolegal considerations surrounding implementing MITS as standard of care for stillbirths, neonatal and paediatric deaths in SA. Furthermore, based on the data from CHAMPS, we present three pragmatic algorithmic approaches to the wide array of testing options for cost-effectiveness and scalability of postmortem MITS in South African state facilities.
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