U drugoj polovici 18. i početkom 19. stoljeća nastalo je nekoliko dokumenata u kojima su opisani vlastelinstvo Belje i njegova naselja. Budući da je vlastelinstvo zauzimalo istočni i sjeverni dio ...takozvanoga "baranjskoga trokuta", odnosno onaj njegov dio koji se proteže uz desnu obalu Dunava i lijevu obalu Drave do njenoga ušća te obuhvaća Kopački rit, u ovim se izvorima mogu naći obavijesti o rijeci Dravi, njezinom utjecaju na život baranjskoga stanovništva i organizaciju beljskoga vlastelinstva te podaci o ljudskim intervencijama radi iskorištavanja prirodnih prednosti ili rješavanja problema svojstvenih spomenutom području. Prvi od spomenutih dokumenata je Komorski popis naselja vlastelinstva Belje iz 1766. godine. Najveći dio podataka iz ovoga popisa odnosi se na stanovništvo, opis samih naselja, gospodarstvo i porezne obveze, ali se iz njih mogu iščitati i obavijesti vezane uz rijeku Dravu i život uz nju. Drugi je Popis Baranjske županije nastao 1785. godine na temelju uredbe grofa Ferenca Széchényja, kraljevskog namjesnika u pečuškom okrugu, a u sklopu jozefinističkih reformnih nastojanja. Budući da je namjera popisa bila prikupljanje što podrobnijih podataka radi uvida u stanje područja, on je bogat raznovrsnim obavijestima, između ostaloga onima o prirodnim obilježjima, uključujući i podatke o vodenim tokovima i površinama. Treći je dokument Opis beljskoga vlastelistva Josipa Payra, visokog službenika vlastelinstva Belje, koji je nastao 1824. godine. U njemu se, među ostalim, nalaze podaci o klimi, položaju, površini i tlu, rijekama, potocima, vrelima, umjetnim kanalima, navodnjavanju, ribnjacima, riječnim otocima i poluotocima, ribarstvu i drugome.
U radu se na temelju podataka iz matičnih knjiga umrlih deset južnobaranjskih reformiranih crkvenih općina (Bilje, Karanac, Kamenac, Kotlina, Kneževi Vinogradi, Kopačevo, Lug, Vardarac, Suza, ...Zmajevac) analiziraju nesretni smrtni slučajevi i nasilna smrt između 1750. i 1850. godine. Primjenom kvantitativne, kvalitativne i statističke metode u obradi podataka utvrdit će se vrste i učestalost nesretnih smrtnih slučajeva, njihov sezonski karakter te dobna i spolna struktura preminulih. Na temelju upisa o nasilnoj smrti u matičnim knjigama umrlih prikazat će se zastupljenost ubojstava u spomenutim reformiranim zajednicama, kao i načini na koji su počinjena.
Based on data from the registers of the deceased in the Reformed parishes of Southern Baranya (Bilje, Karanac, Kamenac, Kotlina, Kneževi Vinogradi, Kopačevo, Lug, Vardarac, Suza, and Zmajevac), this paper analyses cases of deaths by accident and violence between 1750 and 1850. By applying quantitative and qualitative statistical methods to process the acquired data, the authors determine the causes and frequency of accidental deaths, their seasonal patterns, and the age and sex of the deceased. Based on the entries of violent deaths in these registers, conclusions are drawn on the frequency of murder cases in the Reformed communities and the methods by which these murders were committed.
This paper, using historical demography methods, as well as quantitative, analytical and descriptive methods, determines, analyses and interprets the demographic indicators contained in the registers ...of marriages of the 18th century Parish of Miholjac. In addition to identifying the corpus of the data contained in the registers of marriages, to be potentially used as indicators of certain demographic facts relating to the past of the population of the 18th century Donji Miholjac and its immediate surroundings, the paper also determines the annual, seasonal, monthly and daily distribution of marriages and examines the level of the impact which social, religious, cultural, and economic factors had on entering into marriage. The assumption that the population of the 18th century Parish of Miholjac did not enter the demographic transition phase, in other words that it exhibits characteristics specific to pre-transitional societies, is verified by determining the age of newlyweds when entering marriage and by analysing remarriages.
U radu se na osnovi podataka iz kanonskih vizitacija biskupija na području Srijema u 18. i prvoj polovici 19. stoljeća analiziraju odrednice vjerskog života katolika kako bi se opisala osnovna ...obilježja vjerske svakodnevice. Analiza i interpretacija usmjerene su na utvrđivanje stupnja prihvaćanja crkvenih odredbi u pitanjima kulta i bogoslužja, na vjersku praksu, oblike narodne pobožnosti, moral i ponašanje vjernika te vjersko discipliniranje i konformizam. Utvrđuje se odnos između katoličke i drugih vjerskih zajednica, posebno u kontekstu izgradnje vjerskog identiteta. Procjenjuje se vrijednost kanonskih vizitacija kao izvora za povijest vjerske svakodnevice.
This paper uses quantitative, analytical, and descriptive methods in order to extract data from the registers of the baptized, married, and deceased in the Roman-Catholic parishes of southern Baranja ...during the 18th century, identifying some specific elements of social history. The analysis includes those demographic indicators that depended on social structures and customs, such as seasonal and daily arrangements of weddings, the age structure, the marital status of the bridal couple, and their illegal children.The analysis of data from the registers of the Roman-Catholic parishes in southern Baranja during the 18th century has shown that, despite the fact that these documents are standardized and limited in content, they do help us understand certain social elements and aspects of social history and history of everyday life. Since the intention was to gain some fresh insights into the society of southern Baranja, the author has included those demographic data that are under an obvious influence of social and cultural factors, primarily those related to the contraction of marriages and foundations of families, as well as those linked to the origin of residents and certain aspects of public morality and religious life, particularly when referring to specific social groups. In order to establish whether ethnical identity influenced the analysed phenomena, the author has analysed data for the German and Croatian populations alike, separately yet compared whenever possible.In the 18th century, the society of southern Baranja showed some typical pre-transitional traits, among others an early age of marriage contraction, which has been established for both populations alike. Another feature has been the prevalence of conservative marriage policies, which implied going beyond marriages that were the first or second for both parties, as well as a relatively small age difference and a somewhat higher age in men than in women, including the fact that bridegrooms were older than brides as a rule. Nevertheless, these norms could be ignored when required in order to secure sustenance for children or the family in general. The position of women in the society of southern Baranja followed the general pattern of the patriarchal societies, meaning that their role was reduced to reproduction, household care, and family life. As for the social structure, it corresponded to those of late feudalism, where the social elite consisted of a thin layer of noble and district officials, while the society was predominantly agricultural, with a small number of artisans and an even smaller number of merchants. No significant differences could be established between the German and Croatian populations. Nevertheless, there were some, and it can be presumed that they resulted from a difference in family structures and status, since the Germans were generally free colons, while the Croats were tied to the noble estates. Generally speaking, the society in 18th-century Baranja was rural, traditional, and relatively closed, which is confirmed by the negligent number of illegal children and the fact that marriages were contracted primarily within one’s community and ethnical group. Nevertheless, many of these features are also typical of most Croatian or European communities in the 18th century, which means that Baranja generally followed the mainstream Croatian and European demographic trends.
Based on the data from canonical visitations to the dioceses in the territory of Syrmia in the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century, this paper analyses the determinants of the ...religious life of Catholics with a view to describing the basic characteristics of everyday religious life. The analysis and interpretation focus on determining the degree of acceptance of church regulations concerning cult and service issues, on religious practice, forms of popular piety, believers’ morality and behaviour, as well as religious disciplining and conformism. It determines the relation between the Catholic and other religious communities, particularly in the context of religious identity building. The paper also estimates the value of canonical visitations as a source for the history of everyday religious life.
The paper portrays the religious life of the Catholics in the 18th century based on the data obtained by canonical (episcopal) visitations performed by the Diocese of Pécs in south Baranja and ...attempts to evaluate to what extent the people of Catholic faith accepted the Church’s decrees regulating cult and liturgy in the century following the liberation from Ottoman rule; what were the basic characteristics of folk piety; and to what extent these components reflected religious conformism. The authors also investigate the possibility of differences regarding piety, morality and the behavior of Catholics in individual villages in south Baranja, as well as the changes to the aforementioned factors in the observed century.
Since the territory of the Diocese of Pécs had been under Ottoman rule for another century and a half after the Council of Trent, the canonic visitations of the bishop or his representative to south Baranja in the eighteenth century became essential for the stabilization of the Catholics’ religious life. The visitation, i.e. the inspection of the church and its equipment, other sacral buildings, the parish house, the revenues of the church and parish priest, church books etc. followed after a ceremonious reception of the visitators, holy mass and a blessing of the congregation. It is important to point out that the comments and recommendations given after the visitations considerably helped improve the quality of the church and religious life. Their prominence is evident in documents from 1782 in which a separate chapter was devoted to them.
Religious ceremonies were sometimes held on the occasion of the arrival of the visitators. We should thus mention the renovation of the Church of the Holy Cross in Petlovac in 1782 and the blessing of church bells in villages of Topolje, Podolje and Batina in Baranja that took place in 1738. The visitators paid much attention to the manner in which the Eucharist, the holy liquids, the baptismal font and other church objects were kept, while the principal objections pertained to the oil lamp that was not burning constantly and improper font maintenance.
A section of this paper is dedicated to the life of the congregation, analyzing the piety, morality and the behavior of the congregation in individual villages. Various deviations from church regulations were noticed in the observed period. We may therefore conclude that a considerable portion of the congregation remained at the level of religious conformism, even though the influence of the Church and the faith, which nevertheless ensured the sense of Catholic religious identity, is prominent.
U radu se na temelju podataka zabilježenih u matičnim knjigama umrlih za naselja smještena u rubnom području Kopačkog rita (Bilje, Kopačevo, Lug, Vardarac), primjenom kvantitativne, analitičke i ...deskriptivne metode iznose osnovne činjenice o pojedinim elementima biološkog života pojedinaca te društveno i kulturno uvjetovanih demografskih obilježja u 18. i prvoj polovici 19. stoljeća. Uz godišnju raspodjelu umrlih te spolnu i dobnu strukturu umrlih, analiza se posebno fokusira na sezonsku raspodjelu umrlih te na uzroke smrti kako bi se ispitalo je li, u kojoj mjeri i na koji način život uz Kopački rit utjecao na spomenute demografske čimbenike. Nadalje se ispituje je li stanovništvo analiziranih naselja u promatranom razdoblju, u slučaju podataka sadržanih u matičnim knjigama umrlih, pokazivalo demografska obilježja karakteristična za razdoblje prije demografske tranzicije, kao što su visoka smrtnost dojenčadi i djece u predfertilnoj dobi i niska prosječna doživljena dob. Na temelju analize dostupnih podataka utvrđeno je da smještaj naselja u rubnom području Kopačkog rita nije značajnije utjecao na sezonsko kretanje umrlih, a stanovništvo analiziranih naselja pokazuje demografska obilježja karakteristična za razdoblje prije demografske tradicije te općenito ne pokazuje značajnije razlike u odnosu na katoličko stanovništvo u drugim naseljima južne Baranje.
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