Purpose
The aim of this review is to give an overview of the current status of targeted optical fluorescence imaging in the field of oncology, cardiovascular, infectious and inflammatory diseases to ...further promote clinical translation.
Methods
A meta-narrative approach was taken to systematically describe the relevant literature. Consecutively, each field was assigned a developmental stage regarding the clinical implementation of optical fluorescence imaging.
Results
Optical fluorescence imaging is leaning towards clinical implementation in gastrointestinal and head and neck cancers, closely followed by pulmonary, neuro, breast and gynaecological oncology. In cardiovascular and infectious disease, optical imaging is in a less advanced/proof of concept stage.
Conclusion
Targeted optical fluorescence imaging is rapidly evolving and expanding into the clinic, especially in the field of oncology. However, the imaging modality still has to overcome some major challenges before it can be part of the standard of care in the clinic, such as the provision of pivotal trial data. Intensive multidisciplinary (pre-)clinical joined forces are essential to overcome the delivery of such compelling phase III registration trial data and subsequent regulatory approval and reimbursement hurdles to advance clinical implementation of targeted optical fluorescence imaging as part of standard practice.
RF reactive sputtering was used to deposit copper tantalum nitride (CuTaN
2
) films from a Cu/Ta target in an environment containing a mixture of argon and nitrogen at two different substrate ...temperatures: room temperature and 200 °C. The films were studied by SEM, EDS, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, spectrophotometry, and resistivity measurements. The deposition conditions significantly impacted the morphology of the films, which varied from smooth, void-free films at high nitrogen concentrations and at room temperature substrates to cauliflower-like grains with voids at low nitrogen contents and elevated substrate temperatures. Despite the target’s 1:1 Cu: Ta ratio, the stoichiometric analysis showed a lower Ta content in the deposited film. The films produced on silicon substrates were polycrystalline, whereas those deposited on glass substrates were amorphous. The band gap (0.9 eV to 1.55 eV) and film resistivity (20 kΩ-cm to 76 kΩ-cm) are strongly affected by the nitrogen fraction in the sputtering gas. Increasing the nitrogen percentage in semiconductor films results in smoother films with larger bandgaps (approximately 1.5 eV), higher resistivity, and compositions closest to those of stoichiometric CuTaN
2
.
We found that the ventral part of the prefrontal area 46 (46v) is connectionally heterogeneous. Specifically, the rostral part (46vr) displayed an almost exclusive and extensive intraprefrontal ...connectivity and extraprefrontal connections limited to area 24 and inferotemporal areas. In contrast, the caudal part (46vc) mostly displayed intraprefrontal connectivity with ventrolateral areas and robust connectivity with frontal and parietal sensorimotor areas. Based on a topographic organization of these connections, 3 fields were identified in area 46vc. A caudal field (caudal 46vc) was preferentially connected to oculomotor prearcuate (8/FEF, 45B, and 8r) and inferior parietal areas. The other 2, located more rostrally, in the bank of the principal sulcus (rostral 46vc/bank) and on the ventrolateral convexity cortex (rostral 46vc/convexity), respectively, were connected with hand/mouth-related (F5a, 44) ventral premotor areas, area SII, and the insula. However, rostral 46vc/convexity was also connected to the hand-related area AIP, whereas rostral 46vc/bank to hand/arm-related areas PFG and PG, to PGop, and to areas 11 and 24. The present data suggest a differential role in executive functions of areas 46vr and 46vc and a differential involvement of different parts of area 46vc in higher level integration for oculomotor behavior and goal-directed arm, hand, and mouth actions.
We traced the cortical connections of the anterior intraparietal (AIP) area, which is known to play a crucial role in visuomotor transformations for grasping. AIP displayed major connections with 1) ...areas of the inferior parietal lobule convexity, the rostral part of the lateral intraparietal area and the SII region; 2) ventral visual stream areas of the lower bank of the superior temporal sulcus and the middle temporal gyrus; and 3) the premotor area F5 and prefrontal areas 46 and 12. Additional connections were observed with the caudal intraparietal area and the ventral part of the frontal eye field. This study suggests that visuomotor transformations for object-oriented actions, processed in AIP, rely not only on dorsal visual stream information related to the object's physical properties but also on ventral visual stream information related to object identity. The identification of direct anatomical connections with the inferotemporal cortex suggests that AIP also has a unique role in linking the parietofrontal network of areas involved in sensorimotor transformations for grasping with areas involved in object recognition. Thus, AIP could represent a crucial node in a cortical circuit in which hand-related sensory and motor signals gain access to representations of object identity for tactile object recognition.
We have found that the 2 architectonic subdivisions of the prefrontal area 45, 45A and 45B, display connectivity patterns that clearly distinguish them from one another and from their neighboring ...architectonic areas. Area 45A is primarily connected to the frontal areas 45B, 12l, caudal 12r, 12o, 10, rostrodorsal 46, 9/8B, 44, 8/FEF (frontal eye field), and the SEF (supplementary eye field), temporal area IPa, and unique among all the studied areas, to the superior temporal polysensory (STP) area and auditory parabelt areas. Area 45B displayed much stronger frontal connections with the oculomotor areas 8/FEF, 8r, and the SEF than those of area 45A, primary connections with areas 12l, caudal 12r, 12o, and 8B, and unlike area 45A, with areas ventrorostral 46, rostral 12r, 12m, and 13m. Temporal connections were all virtually confined to areas IPa, intermediate TEa/m, and TE. Additional labeling was found in lateral intraparietal area. Our data suggest that 45A and 45B are 2 distinct areas, possibly playing a differential role in nonspatial information processing: area 45A corresponds to the prefrontal sector for which a role in communication behavior and homology with the human area 45 was proposed, whereas area 45B is a distinct prearcuate area, possibly affiliated to the oculomotor frontal system.
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