A mechanically pumped CO
2 two-phase loop cooling system was developed for the temperature control of the silicon tracker of AMS-02, a cosmic particle detector to work in the International Space ...Station. The cooling system (called TTCS, or Tracker Thermal Control System), consists of two evaporators in parallel to collect heat from the tracker’s front-end electronics, two radiators in parallel to emit the heat into space, and a centrifugal pump that circulates the CO
2 fluid that carries the heat to the radiators, and an accumulator that controls the pressure, and thus the temperature of the evaporators. Thermal vacuum tests were performed to check and qualify the system operation in simulated space thermal environment. In this paper, we reported the test results which show that the TTCS exhibited excellent temperature control ability, including temperature homogeneity and stability, and self-adaptive ability to the various external heat flux to the radiators.
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► The active-pumped CO
2 two-phase cooling loop passed the thermal vacuum test. ► It provides high temperature homogeneity and stability thermal boundaries. ► Its working temperature is controllable in vacuum environment. ► It possesses self-adaptive ability to imbalanced external heat fluxes.
In this paper we adopt a processing technology to develop elastomer plus nano-graphite hybrid composites with multifunctional properties. Beyond the improvements of the mechanical properties, the ...research findings demonstrate the synergistic effect of carbon black and graphite nanoplatelets to prepare rubber composite thermally conductive and to design a new class of shock absorbers. It was found that a critical GNPs/CB ratio was apt to reduce the strong interlayer forces among the GNPs sheets, which led to the efficiency on reinforcement in mechanical properties and improvements of the performance of the rubber composites.
The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer AMS-02 1-4 is an astro particle physics experiment running on the International Space Station (ISS; see Figure 1) since May 19, 2011. Its missions include the search ...for antimatter and the identification of the nature of dark matter. The AMS silicon tracker is the only subdetector inside the AMS permanent magnet that can detect the charge of a moving particle to distinguish an anti-particle from particle (see Table 1 for nomenclature).
To provide a stable thermal environment for the AMS-Tracker, a thermal control system based on mechanically pumped CO2 two-phase loops was developed. It has been operating reliably in space since May ...19, 2011. In this article, we summarize the design, construction, tests, and performance of the AMS-Tracker thermal control system (AMS-TTCS).
Evidence suggests that around 30 % of patients with depression do not respond to antidepressant treatment, with most of them having sub-chronic levels of inflammation. Soluble epoxide hydrolases ...(sEH) are enzymes present in all living organisms, which metabolize cytochrome P (CYP)-derived epoxy fatty acids to their corresponding diols. Accumulating evidence suggests that sEH plays a key role in the anti-inflammatory properties exerted by the metabolism of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs). Crucial evidence demonstrates that protein expression of sEH in the brain of mice experiencing depressive-like behaviour, as well as in patients with major depressive disorder is higher than in controls. Of note, treatment with sEH inhibitors exert anti-inflammatory, neurogenic and antidepressant-like effects in pre-clinical models of depression. In this review, the author discusses the role of sEH in the metabolism of ω-3 PUFAs in the context of depression, and the clinical value of sEH inhibitors as alternative therapeutic strategies for patients suffering from this condition.
Background:
Recent studies have suggested that microglial activation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of depression. In fact, neuroinflammation is associated with a phenotypic change of ...microglia, consisting of morphological differences, increased release of cytokines and oxidative stress products, which may contribute to the development and maintenance of depression. Antidepressants, including selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, have been shown to act on the immune and oxidative stress mechanisms commonly found to be disrupted in depression. Thus, the inhibition of microglial activation may be one of the mechanisms through which they exert an antidepressant action.
Aim:
This is the first review summarising in vitro and ex vivo studies investigating the effects of different classes of antidepressants on microglia activation, by examining cellular changes and/or via measuring the production of immune and/or oxidative stress signalling molecules, in microglia models of neuroinflammation with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cytokines. A total of 23 studies were identified, 18 using LPS stimulation and 5 using cytokines stimulation.
Results:
Overall, the studies show that antidepressants, such as selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants prevented microglial activation, including reduced microglial reactivity and decreased immune and oxidative stress products, in both models. However, specific antidepressants, such as bupropion and agomelatine did not prevent interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-induced microglial activation; and for other antidepressants, including phenelzine, venlafaxine and sertraline, the results of different studies were inconsistent.
Conclusions:
Overall, results summarised in this review support the hypothesis that the action of at least certain classes of antidepressants may involve regulation of microglial activation, especially when in presence of increased levels of inflammation.
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