Terenska nastava je specifični oblik nastave s ciljem da bi se što učinkovitije realizirali oni nastavni sadržaji gdje je potrebno promatranje u prirodi kao i neposredni kontakt s izvornom ...stvarnošću. Kroz ovaj rad će se prikazati jedan model održavanja terenske nastave iz primijenjene botanike s hipotezom
da ovaj način održavanja nastave studenti u većoj mjeri podupiru i laganije usvajaju znanja. Botanička sekcija je jedna od sekcija koja djeluje u okviru Internacionalnih bioloških kampova koje se održavaju u organizaciji Udruženja studenata biologije Prirodno-matematičkog fakulteta Univerziteta u
Sarajevu. Sudionici botaničke sekcije kroz praktičnu i teorijsku nastave dobivaju znanja o biljnim ekosustavima, determinaciji vrsta, njihovom očuvanju te korištenju. Teoretska nastava se održavala u prostorijama Eko centra "Jezera", a terenska na području Eko centra "Jezera". Temeljem dobivenih rezultata ustanovljeno je da su studenti s ocjenom izvrstan ocijenili kvalitetu nastave iz svih bio-ekoloških područja. Samoprocjena znanja studenata je pokazala da su studenti najbolje ocjene dodijelili nivou znanja iz područja dendrologije. Rezultati anketnog istraživanja su potvrdila početnu hipotezu da ovaj tip nastave studenti u većoj mjeri podupiru i lakše usvajaju nastavno gradivo.
Background: Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type III (PAS III) is combination two most common autoimmune disease: Diabetes mellytus type 1 (DM1) and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). Objectives: ...The aims of the study were a) to define conection between polymorphism of CTLA-4 gene, rs 231775 with PAS III; b) to establish the conection of inherited genotype with severity of clinical features; and c) to estimate the rate of risk for severe clinical presentation among subgroups in study population. Metods: This research included 50 subjects with diagnosed PAS III syndrome, wich are on treatment in clinic for Nuclear medicine and andocrinology KCUS. As methods of research has used: hystory of disesase AND clinical examination. As material is used blood sample. From blood sample DNA was isolated withn Qiamp- DNA- mini kit, with accopanied protocol. Results: In our study, 50 patients with polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type III (PAS III) were examined, and in the study population had 26 female subjects and 24 male subjects. The average age of the participants was 31.64 years, and in the subgroups: group GWT (G-wild type) the average age was 30.20 years, group GM (G-mutated) 32.40 years and group GH (G-heterozygote) 30 , 60 years. Using the Chi-square test, the association between the polymorphism rs231775 and PAS-III was demonstrated, χ2 (2.100) = 18.258, where p < 0.0001. Using the Chi-square test, the association between the rs231775 polymorphism and the severity of the clinical picture, χ2 (2.50) = 8.531, where p< 0.0140 was proved. The CTLA-4 rs231775 genotypes were also assessed for disease severity. Conclusion: This study suggests that CTLA-4 expression plays a key role in balancing the immune system as well as the response against one’s own tissues, and thus in the regulation of autoimmune diseases.
Diabetes mellitus, the most frequent endocrinology disease is a predisposing factor for infections. Diabetic patients have 4,4 times greater risk of systemic infection than non diabetics.
a) To ...determine the prevalence and characteristics of acute infectious diseases in hospitalized diabetics; b) To correlate values of blood glucose levels and HbA1c with acute infections in hospitalized diabetics; c) To identify the etiology of infectious diseases.
The study included 450 diabetic patients hospitalized in the 24-month period in the Intensive care unit of the Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders CCUS. In 204 patients (45,3%) there was an acute infectious condition and the following data was registered: a) gender and age; b) basic illness; c) laboratory parameters of inflammation (Le, CRP); d) blood glucose upon admission, parameters of glucoregulation (HbA1c, fructosamine); e) type of infection; f) verification of etiological agent; g) late complications of diabetes; and h) outcome.
Out of 204 diabetic patients with infection, there was 35,3% men and 64,7% women. More than half of patients (61%) were in the age group 61-80 years. The most common primary disease was Diabetes mellitus type 2. HbA1c and fructosamine were significantly increased in diabetic patients with acute infection compared to diabetics without acute infection. There is a positive correlation between HbA1c levels and CRP, and blood glucose and CRP in diabetic patients with acute infection. Most frequent infections: urinary tract infection (70,0%), followed by respiratory infections (11,8%), soft tissue infections (10,3%), generalized-bacteremia / sepsis (6,9%). The most common cause of urinary infection and generalized infection was Escherichia colli. The most common bacteria causing soft tissue infections was Staphylococcus aureus.
Almost half (45,3%) of hospitalized diabetic patients had acute infectious condition. They present most frequently in women, aged 61-80 years, with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. HbA1c and fructosamine were significantly increased in diabetic patients with acute infection. There is a positive correlation between the parameters of inflammation and glucoregulation in diabetics with acute infection. Most frequent was a urinary tract infection and the most common causative agent was Escherichia coli. The most common cause of soft tissue infections was Staphylococcus aureus. Out of 21 patients with verified soft tissue infections, 18 of them (85,7%) had confirmed diagnosis of diabetic microangiopathy diabetica. A total of 96,1% of patients fully recovered.
Diabetes mellitus(DM) is considered an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Having in mind concomitant occurence of diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors, it is expected that patients ...with poor glucoregulation will have more cardiovascular risk factors and higher cardiovascular risk than patients with good glucoregulation.
To compare cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular risk factors between patients with poorly controlled and patients with well-controlled Diabetes mellitus.
Hundered ten patients aged 40-70 years suffering from Diabetes mellitus type 2 were included. Research is designed as a retrospective, descriptive study. Patients with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) > 7% were considered to have poorly controlled diabetes. The following data and parameters were monitored: age,sex, family history, data on smoking and alcohol consumption, BMI (body mass index), blood pressure, blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, fibrinogen, uric acid. For the assessment of cardiovascular risk, the WHO / ISH (World Health Organization/International Society of hypertension) tables of the 10-year risk were used, and due to the assessment of the risk factors prevalence, the optimal values of individual numerical variables were defined.
Differences in the mean values of systolic, diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol are statistically significant higher in patients with poorly controlled diabetes. Hypertension more frequently occurre in patients with poorly controlled DM. The majority of patients with well-controlled DM belong to the group of low and medium cardiovascular risk, while the majority of patients with poorly controlled DM belong to the group of high and very high cardiovascular risk. In our research, there was a significant difference in cardiovascular risk in relation to the degree of DM regulation, and HbA1c proved to be an important indicator for the emergence of the CVD.
There are significant differences in certain risk factors between patients with poorly controlled and well controlled DM. Patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus have a higher cardiovascular risk than patients with well controlled diabetes. The value of HbA1c should be considered when assessing cardiovascular risk.
Purpose: To determine the prevalence and association of atherogenic lipid profile in postmenopausal women with subclinical hypothyroidism. Materials (Subjects) and Methods: This as a prospective ...clinical study included 140 postmenopausal women. In all subjects, basic sociodemographic and anthropometric data, hormonal status of the thyroid gland, and lipid profile were determined. The subjects were followed for a period of 30 months. Results: The subclinical hypothyroidism in postmenopausal women was significantly associated with higher levels of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, and lower HDL-C (p=0.009, p=0.01, p=0.023, p=0.001, respectively). Furthermore, the analysis of repeated measures showed that subclinical hypothyroidism, irrespective of age and duration of postmenopause, was associated with higher levels of serum cholesterol (adjusted beta: 0.43, CI: 0.12, 0.74, p=0.007), triglycerides (adjusted beta: 0.52, CI: 0.21, 0.84, p=0.001) and LDL-C (adjusted beta: 0.35, CI: 0.03, 0.67, p=0.03), and lower levels of serum HDL-C (adjusted beta: -0.48, CI: -0.81, 0.15, p=0.004) Conclusion: Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with atherogenic lipid profile in postmenopausal women.
Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) are at increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and metabolic disorders including: dyslipidaemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, gestational ...diabetes, type 2 diabetes, systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. The prevalence of obesity and insulin resistance in women with PCOS is significantly higher compared to the general population. Lipid accumulation product is a new, cheap and easily available predictor for metabolic syndrome both in general population and in women with PCOS.
The study included 50 patients at the Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo. All patients were diagnosed with PCOS according to the Rotterdam ESHRE criteria and were divided into two groups according to their body mass index (BMI). A prospective study established the following parameters: anthropometric measurements (waist circumference, height, weight), BMI, and serum triglycerides and insulin resistance. LAP was calculated using the formula: LAP (women) = waist circumference (cm)-58 x triglycerides (mmol/L).
Waist circumference in women with BMI < or = 24.9 kg/m2 was 31 cm lower than waist circumference in women with a BMI > 25 kg/m2. Mean triglyceride value of the patients in group BMI < or = 24.9 kg/m2 was 1.15 mmol/l lower than the mean value of triglycerides in women with a BMI > 25 kg/m2. Insulin resistance was present in 66.7% in group with BMI < or = 24.9 kg/m2, and in 75.0% in the group with BMI > 25.0 kg/m2. LAP was shown to be a marker for the differentiation of insulin-resistant and nonresistant patients with a cut-off value of 17.91.
Patients with PCOS and BMI < or = 24.9 kg/m2 were significantly different from those with BMI > 25 kg/m2 in the values of body weight, waist circumference and triglycerides. There was no statistically significant difference in insulin resistance. LAP values were higher in patients in the group with BMI > 25 kg/m2. LAP was a marker for differentiation of insulin--resistant and non-resistant women with PCOS.
Our aim was to determine the incidence of prediabetes and risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This prospective, observational study ...included 148 women with PCOS, without Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and CVD present at baseline. In the fasting blood samples, we measured lipids, glucose, and insulin levels during oral glucose tolerance test, levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), steroids, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and parathyroid hormone. The follow-up period was 3 years. At baseline, prevalent prediabetes was present in 18 (12%) of PCOS cases and it progressed to T2DM in 5 (3%) of the cases. Incident prediabetes during the follow-up was noted in 47 (32%) women or 4.7 per 1000 persons/year. Prediabetes was associated with elevated body mass index (BMI) (odds ratio OR = 1.089, confidence interval CI: 1.010; 1.174, p = 0.026), high baseline levels of CRP (OR = 3.286, CI: 1.299; 8.312, p = 0.012), homeostatic model assessment - insulin resistance (IR) (OR = 2.628, CI: 1.535; 4.498, p < 0.001), and high lipid accumulation product (LAP) (OR = 1.009, CI: 1.003; 1.016, p = 0.005). Furthermore, prediabetes was associated with low 25-OHD (OR = 0.795, CI: 0.724; 0.880, p ≤ 0.05). In addition, cardiovascular risk in PCOS women with prediabetes was high (hazard ratio = 1.092, CI: 1.036; 1.128, p < 0.001). We showed association of prediabetes with high BMI, IR, markers of inflammation, LAP, and low serum 25-OHD concentration. IR appears to be more relevant than the other predictors of prediabetes risk in this study. PCOS women are considered as a high-risk population for prediabetes.
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