Introduction. Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver disease with a relevant inflammatory component and an unknown etiology. Evidence for clinical characteristics and risk factors in large ...cohorts of patients with acute AIH (AAIH) is lacking. We clinically characterized patients with AAIH, the prevalence of a combined adverse outcome (death or liver transplantation (LT)), and its risk factors. Methods. A retrospective study of adult patients diagnosed with AAIH at three centers (Santiago, Chile; 2000–2018) was conducted. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were obtained. A liver biopsy was performed for all patients. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used. Results. A total of 126 patients were admitted; 77% were female, 33 (26.2%) had a severe presentation, and 14 (11.1%) had a fulminant presentation. Overall, 24 patients (19.0%) lacked typical autoantibodies, and 26.2% had immunoglobulin G levels in the normal range. The most frequent histological findings were plasma cells (86.5%), interface hepatitis (81.7%), and chronic hepatitis (81.0%). Rosettes were uncommon (35.6%). Advanced fibrosis was present in 27% of patients. Combined adverse outcomes occurred in 7.9% of cases, all fulminant with histological cholestasis. Alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and prothrombin less than 50% were independent risk factors for in-hospital death or LT (p value <0.05). Although corticosteroid treatment was associated with better outcomes (OR 0.095, p value = 0.013), more severe patients were less likely to receive this therapy. Discussion. In this large cohort of patients with AAIH, clinical characteristics differ from those reported in patients with chronic AIH. Fulminant hepatitis, histological cholestasis, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and prothrombin were associated with death/LT.
Table-based routing is a common approach for a fault-tolerant Network-on-Chip (NoC). This approach is hard to scale, since the table size tends to grow according to the NoC size. To surpass this ...problem, some works, such as the Region-Based Routing (RBR), have proposed techniques for saving routing tables area. This work proposes an alternative routing technique finding among communication pairs selected by the RBR technique, shrinking the amount of bits used for setting up regions. The experimental results have shown that the proposed technique reduces the maximum and mean number of regions, decreasing the space used by routing tables, providing more scalable and efficient routing NoC.
Newest technologies of integrated circuits fabrication allow billions of transistors arranged in a single chip enabling to implement a complex parallel system, which requires a high scalable and ...parallel communication architecture, such as a Network-on-Chip (NoC). These technologies are very close to physical limitations increasing faults in manufacture and at runtime. Thus, it is essential to provide a fault recovery mechanism for NoC operation in the presence of faults. The preprocessing of the most probable fault scenarios and flits retransmission capability enable to anticipate the calculation of deadlock-free routings, reducing the time necessary to interrupt the system in a fault occurrence and maintaining links operating with retransmission capability. This work proposes a smart decisions mechanism for errors on NoC links, which is composed of a hardware part implemented into the links and routers, and a software part implemented inside an operating system kernel of each processor. The mechanism defines thresholds where is better to reconfigure the NoC or to retransmit flits with errors. Experimental results, with several NoC sizes and some error models, suggest when is better to reconfigure the NoC and when is better to maintain some links operating with eventual faults.
